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Self-portrait, 1768
白隠慧鶴 Hakuin
Ekaku (1686-1769)
Selected Writings I.
 Tartalom |
 Contents |
白隱禪師坐禪和讚
PDF: Vadborostyán - Hakuin zen mester önéletrajza Babits Mihály: Vakok a hídon Terebess Gábor haikui Hakuin festményeire: Bincsik Mónika |
The Ryu'un-ji Collection 坐禅和讚 Zazen wasan 夜船閑話 遠羅天釜
PDF: Embossed Tea Kettle PDF: Night Boat Conversation 息耕錄開筵普說 Sokkō-roku Kaien-fusetsu Itsumadegusa 壁生草
PDF: Zen Words for the Heart PDF: Beating the Cloth Drum PDF: Hakuin’s Precious mirror cave: a Zen miscellany 荊叢毒蘂 Keisō dokuzui PDF: Secrets of the Blue Cliff Record - Zen Comments by Hakuin PDF: Every End Exposed: Keiso dokuzui: The Five, Ranks of The Apparent and the Real: Nirvana Is Openly Shown to Our Eyes Dokugo Shingyo: Acid Comments on the Heart Sutra A Talk on the Platform Sutra of Hui-neng Tunnelling into the Secret Depths PDF: Hakuin on Kensho: The Four Ways of Knowing
Explication of the Four Knowledges of Buddhahood Hakuin School of Zen Buddhism PDF: The tools of one-handed Zen: PDF: Hakuin PDF: Zen Master Tales |
Summaries of Hakuin's Writings in Japanese (Kana hōgo)
by Yoshizawa Katsuhiro
Hebi ichigo 『辺鄙以知吾』 (Raspberries, parts 1 and 2). Written in 1754
This work is written in the form of a letter to Ikeda Tsugumasa, daimyō of the Okayama domain.
In part 1 Hakuin emphasizes the importance of nurturing good health and governing wisely, citing representative examples from China and Japan.
In part 2 Hakuin quotes Tokugawa Ieyasu's Jinkun goikun (Divine ruler's legacy), and praises the text as the ideal expression of the spirit of benevolent rule. The most noticeable aspect of the missive, however, is its scathing criticism of the social conditions of the times. Pointing out that the daimyō, with their concubines and mistresses, support their lavish and self-indulgent lifestyles through the labors of the citizenry, Hakuin expresses sympathy for the peasants who circulate petitions and rise in rebellion, saying that “a desperate rat will bite a cat.” The greatest virtue of the daimyō, Hakuin stresses, is eliminating extravagance, cutting expenditures, and devoting himself to the welfare and happiness of the people.
Hakuin also severely criticizes the sankin kōtai 参勤交代 system, one of the main features of the Tokugawa system of government, in which the daimyō were required to reside during alternate years in Edo. Hakuin attacks the wasteful extravagance of this system, and points out the enormous burden of tax that it places on the peasantry.
Because of such criticism Hebi ichigo was banned by the authorities, and publication forbidden.
Itsumade gusa 『壁生草』 (Wild Ivy). Published in 1765 - 66
The Itsumade gusa is an autobiographical work by Hakuin, written at the end of the master's life. The final fascicle of the work is basically a repetition of the material in the Yasen kanna .
There several more such autobiographical materials amongst the writings of Hakuin, such as the Yasen kanna itself and the Yaemugura 八重葎 , third fascicle, “Tsuketari osana monogatari.” Various other autobiographical materials may be found scattered throughout the master's other kana hōgo publications.
Autobiographical writings are not common in the literature of Zen; generally our knowledge of a particular master's life derives from the “records of activities” ( anroku 行録 ) or “chronological biographies” ( nenpu 年譜 ) compiled posthumously by the master's disciples. Hakuin is distinctive in providing so many descriptions of events in his own life; such descriptions provide, needless to say, a rich source of material for Hakuin research.
Wild Ivy: The Spiritual Autobiography of Zen Master Hakuin. Norman Waddell, 2001
http://www.naturalthinker.net/trl/texts/Hakuin/Hakuin_WildIvy.pdf
http://www.naturalthinker.net/trl/texts/Hakuin/wildivy.html
Kaian-kokugo 『槐安國語』 T2574 (Dream Words from a Land of Dreams / Tales from the Land of Locust-tree Tranquility)
Hakuin's Zen commentary on the Record of Daitō (Daitō-roku; also Records of National Master Ryūhō) Zen Records of Shūhō Myōchō (Daitō Kokushi)
T2566 『大燈國師語錄』 Daitō Kokushi goroku – 宗峰妙超 Shūhō Myōchō (1282–1337)
Oniazami #1 『於仁安佐美』 巻之上 (Wild thistles, part 1)
The first part of the Oniazami is written by Hakuin in the form of a letter to the abbesses Hōkyō-ji Monzeki 寶鏡寺門跡 and Kōshōin Monzeki 光照院門跡 , both daughters of Emperor Nakamikado 中御門 (1701-1737).
In 1751 Hakuin spent a period of three months in Kyoto, during which he visited the two imperial abbesses on several occasions to preach at their temples. On those occasions he could not fail to notice how they lived, waited upon by numerous maids and attendant nuns. In his letter Hakuin admonishes the imperial abbesses, criticizing in clear terms their luxurious lifestyles and sumptuous robes, and chiding such lapses as their failure to help with the cleaning (an important part of Zen practice). It was quite an item of conversation in Kyoto at the time that such frank and plainspoken criticism would be directed to members of the imperial household.
Particularly stressed in the Oniazami is the importance of true Zen practice based on dōchū no kufū (“meditation-in-activity”: Zen practice in the midst of work and action). Merely enjoying the stillness of zazen never leads to true samadhi power, Hakuin states. Such power is built only by maintaining a clear state of mindfulness amidst the complex activities of daily life.
Oniazami #2『於仁安佐美』 巻之下 (Wild thistles, part 2)
The second part of the Oniazami is entirely separate from the part 1. A sermon written by Hakuin on the twenty-fifth day of the first month of Hōreki 寶暦 2 (1752), when Hakuin was 67 years old, it is addressed to Katō Kuranosuke Nariaki 加藤内藏之輔成章 , retainer at the castle of Iyo Ōzu 伊豫大洲.
It contains Hakuin's advice for the samurai, whose duties involved serving the feudal lord and conducting ceremonial affairs. For them Hakuin recommended investigating the matter of death and the “sound of one hand” koan devised by Hakuin himself, taking up these questions in a spirit of dauntless courage. In the second section of the sermon he castigates the contemporary Zen world, in which unenlightened Zen teachers peddle watered-down Zen and hand out “transmission” to numerous successors.
Oradegama #1 『遠羅天釜』巻之上「鍋島接州殿下ノ近侍ニ答ウル書」 (Oradegama, part 1: Letter in reply to Lord Nabeshima, daimyō of Settsu Provine, sent in care of a close retainer)
The title of this work is generally read orategama , but oradegama is correct. The meaning of the word is unknown. This work is, along with the Yasen kanna, the most popular and widely read of Hakuin's kana hōgo works. The overall text is composed of the following four sections.
Oradegama, part 1 consists of a sermon addressed to Nabeshima Naotsune (1702-1749), the fourth daimyō of the Hizen Hasunoike han, in which Hakuin discusses in practical terms the health-promoting naikan practices and stresses the importance of maintaining the meditative mind not only during seated meditation (zazen) but also during the everyday activities of life. Through the maintenance of mindfulness during action, known as dōchū no kufū 動中の工夫, lay practices carrying out their social responsibilities in secular life can attain as deeply in Zen as ordained home-leavers, Hakuin teaches. With regard to the naikan practices, a deeper understanding can be attained if the present text is read in conjunction with the Yasen kanna.
PDF: Letter in reply to Lord Nabeshima, Governor of Settsu Province, pp. 29-73.
Translated by Philip B. Yampolsky
Oradegama #2 『遠羅天釜』巻之中「遠方ノ病僧ニ贈リシ書」 (Oradegama, part 2: Letter to a sick monk living far away)
Oradegama, part 2 consists of a missive sent to a sick priest advising him on how to continue his meditation practice during a time of illness. Much of the text’s content consists of teachings Hakuin received in his youth while studying under the master Shōju Rōjin (Dōkyō Etan 道鏡慧端, 1642 - 1721) in Iiyama, in present Nagano Prefecture. This text is a valuable source of information on Shōju Rōjin’s style of Zen. At the end of the text Hakuin describes the nansonohō 軟酥法 (“soft ghee” method), but it is not as detailed as the description of the same method in the Yasen kanna.
Oradegama #3 『遠羅天釜』巻之下「法華宗ノ老尼ニ贈リシ書」 (Oradegama, part 3: Letter in reply to an old nun of the Hokke school)
Oradegama, part 3, is Hakuin’s explanation of the true meaning of the Lotus Sutra, in the form of a letter to a nun of the Nichiren school. According to Hakuin, the ultimate significance of the Lotus Sutra is summed up in the one word “mind.” Hakuin urges the nun to perceive that “outside the mind no thing exists” and that “in the three worlds there is only mind,” and to see for herself “her own true nature, one with all that exists,” the “Wondrous Law of one’s own mind,” and the “True Face of the Lotus.”
Appended to the end of part 3 is a lengthy supplement in kanbun (Sino-Japanese), in which Hakuin responds to the question of an old monk friend on the nature of awakening. In years past the monk had studied under Hakuin and attained a measure of enlightenment, certified by Hakuin himself. Recently, however, he had realized his utter lack of understanding as he listened to a sermon by the master, and wondered if all his efforts had been in vain. Hakuin explains the folly of carefully guarding a minor enlightenment, using as an allegory the tale of two Chinese brothers who found some gold on the road. One hoarded his gold and impoverished himself as a result; the other invested it and became a wealthy man.
Letter in Answer to an Old Nun of the Hokke [Nichiren] Sect, pp. 86-106.
Translated by Philip B. Yampolsky
Oradegama zokushū 『遠羅天釜』続集「念仏ト公案ト優劣如何ノ問イニ答ウル書」 (Oradegama, supplement: Letter in reply to the question, Which is superior, the koan or the nenbutsu?)
In comparing the koan and nenbutsu, Hakuin writes that what is important is not the method used, but the purpose it is used for. Devotees of the nenbutsu are urged to chant not so that they may be reborn in the Pure Land in their next lives, but so that they may see into their own self-nature in the present life. Hakuin argues that the koan and nenbutsu are both contributing causes to opening up the wisdom of the Buddha, to seeing into the “Pure Land” that is the source of the mind.
At the end of the Oradegama zokushū is an appendix entitled 「客の難ずるに答う」(In answer to a visitor’s criticism), added by Hakuin’s student Shikyō Eryō 斯経慧梁 (n.d.). It states that the concept of the Pure Land taught by Hakuin was not that of the Pura Land as an illusion employed as an expedient means. The Pure Land is the true reality that permeates all that exists.
Sashimogusa 『さし藻草』 (meaning unclear)
This text consists of three parts: Sashimogusa, parts 1 and 2, and, added later and sandwiched in between them, the Mikakimori. The Sashimogusa is in the form of a letter addressed to a certain daimyō. A variant, the Seikidō manuscript (published as Hakuin Oshō Suiji [Reverend Hakuin’s sermons]; Minyūsha; 1913) records the recipient as “His highness, a certain Kyūshū daimyō.” The Kyūshū daimyō with whom Hakuin had the closest relations was Nabeshima Naotsune (1702-1749), the fourth daimyō of the Hizen Hasunoike domain and the recipient of Hakuin’s Oradegama, part 1.It is likely that during his sixties Hakuin sent a missive to the lord, and that this was later revised into the form of the present Sashimogusa and Mikakimori and published in 1761.
Yaemugura #1 『八重葎』 巻之一 「高塚四娘孝記」 (Goose grass, part 1: Record of the filial piety of the four daughters of Takatsuka)
The first volume of the Yaemugura is primarily composed of detailed descriptions of hell, related by someone who had died, gone to hell, then returned to life. In this it is similar in theme to part 2 of the Yaemugura. The final section of part 1 deals with the subject mentioned in the work's subtitle, relating the story of four orphaned girls who, on the recommendation of their grandfather, wrote out a copy of the Lotus Sutra in kana script as an act of filial piety. Hearing of this, Hakuin is deeply impressed, and uses the occasion to discuss the sutra's merits.
Yaemugura #2 『八重葎』 巻之二 「延命十句観音経霊験記」 (Goose grass, part 2: Account of miraculous experiences of the Ten-phrase Kannon Sutra for Prolonging Life)
The second volume of the Yaemugura presents over ten accounts from China and Japan in which people who were mortally ill and near death, or who had actually died, regained health and life through the merits of reciting the Kannon-gyō (Avalokitesvara Sūtra [ch. 25 of the Lotus Sūtra]) or the Enmei jikku kannon-gyō (Ten-phrase Kannon Sutra for prolonging life), and who gave elaborate descriptions of what they had seen in hell prior to their recoveries. Hakuin’s primary objective in relating these accounts was to promote faith in the Enmei jikku kannon-gyō, a text he worked hard to popularize.
After relating these long and detailed stories, Hakuin turns around and informs the reader that they are all fictions and not to be taken at face value. He then proceeds to say that there is a far more valuable “miraculous experience” than the ones he has described. That experience consists of focusing the vital energy in the tanden, practicing zazen, and awakening to self-nature. Moreover, following that awakening, one mustn’t rest in the experience but must press on in the spirit of eternal “after-enlightenment” training, expressed in the dictum, “above, to seek enlightenment, below, to liberate all sentient beings.” This is Hakuin’s true message in the Yaemugura. At first glance the book appears to be a traditional collection of cause-and-effect tales and stories about hell, but it is in fact a discourse on the way of the bodhisattva, centering on bodhicitta, on the four bodhisattva vows, and on benefiting others as one benefits oneself.
Yaemugura #3: Sakushin osana monogatari 『八重葎』 巻之三 「策進幼稚物語」
This section of part 3 is an autobiographical work in which Hakuin describes the early part of his life. He writes of the sermon on hell that he heard as a child and how the terror that it inspired led him to become a monk, and describes his early enlightenment experiences up to the age of twenty-four. Although other autobiograhical works of Hakuin exist, notably Itsumade gusa 壁生草, written in the master’s old age, the Osana monogatari section of Yaemugura offers the most detailed accounts of Hakuin’s training at Eigan-ji in the Echigo region, and of his meeting with the monk Sōkaku, student of the master Dōkyō Etan of Shōju-an in the town of Iiyama. It is thus a valuable biographical source material for Hakuin.
Yasen kanna 『夜船閑話』 (Quiet conversations on an evening boat)
The Yasen kanna, the best known of all Hakuin’s kana hōgo writings, describes the “Zen sickness” that Hakuin experienced following his initial enlightenments, his visit to the cave of the hermit Hakuyū Sennin deep in the mountains of Kita Shirakawa northeast of Kyoto, and his reception from Hakuyū of the special methods of meditation through which he overcame his illness.
Hakuin’s Zen illness appears to have been a type of chronic, serious pulmonary condition, probably psychosomatic in origin, for which Hakuyu prescibed the contemplative techniques referred to by the hermit as the naikannohō 内観法 (method of introspection) and the nansonohō 軟酥法 (“soft ghee” method). Through assiduous application of these practices Hakuin was fully restored to health. He wrote the Yasen kanna, describing his experiences in narrative form, for the sake of those suffering from similar conditions. It was the most widely read of all Hakin’s kana hōgo works during the Tokugawa period, and remains the most popular of his writings even today. Many reports exist of cures effected through the practice of these techniques.
Despite its popularity, the Yasen kanna cannot be regarded as one of Hakuin’s representative works. In content it is limited to health-promoting techniques, and touches on none of the themes of his religious thought. Its popularity, and the fact that it is the title most often mentioned in association with Hakuin, has in fact had the unfortunate effect of hindering a broader study of Hakuin’s thought.
夜船閑話 PDF: Yasenkanna Compare
Norman Waddell's translation (in Wild Ivy)
Trevor Legett's translation (in Second Zen Reader)Norman Waddell, Hakuin's Yasenkanna. The Eastern Buddhist, 2002 (New Series) 34/1: 79–119.
Trevor Leggett (1914-2000)
A Second Zen Reader: The Tiger's Cave and Translations of Other Zen Writings
Charles E. Tuttle, Tokyo, 1988
http://www.leggett.co.uk/books/szr.htm
Yasenkanna (method of physical and spiritual rejuvenation) - an autobiographical narrative by Zen Master Hakuin (18th century)由于白隠の夜船閑話 – From the Yasenkanna of Hakuin
The following is excerpted from A Second Zen Reader – The Tiger's Cave & Translations of Other Zen Writings, by Trevor Legett. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, 1988, pp. 144-149.
http://res6zeam.wordpress.com/from-the-yasenkanna-of-hakuin/R. D. M. Shaw and Wilhelm Schiffer, S. J., trans.
Yasen Kanna: A chat on a boat in the evening by Hakuin Zenji. Monumenta Nipponica, 1956, 13/1–2: 101–27.
Yasen kanna #2 『夜船閑話』 巻之下 (Quiet conversations on an evening boat, part 2)
This work, although sharing the same title as Hakuin’s famous Yasen kanna —— in which he described his recovery from his “Zen illness” through the practice of naikannohō —— is utterly unrelated in content. The work consists of sermon addressed to Matsudaira Masanobu (1728 - 177), daimyō (lord) of the Kojima han (domain) in Suruga, the region where Hakuin lived. Matsudaira, with an annual rice income of only 10,000 koku (approx. 50,000 bushels), ruled over one the smallest domains in Japan; unable to afford even a castle, he had difficulty maintaining his sankin kōtai and other duties to the shogun ate.
The Yasen kanna, #2 was Hakuin’s advice to Matsudaira on how best to govern; his words seem directed also toward those assisting the ruler. The advice reflects that found in the Hebi ichigo, Sashimogusa, and other works advising daimyō on matters of governance: to eliminate banquets, reduce the number of concubines, quit falconry (which not only burdens the serfs but involves the daimyō in the taking of life), rid the court of sycophants, and entrust government to wise ministers.
Hakuin Translations / Selected Bibliography
R.D.M. Shaw
Embossed Tea Kettle by Hakuin Zenji, George Allen & Unwin Ltd., London, 1963
The Essential Teachings of Zen Master Hakuin: a translation of the Sokkō-roku kaien-fusetsu. By Norman Waddell,
Shambhala,
Boston, Mass.,
1994,
137 p.
息耕録開筵普説
PDF: The Essential Teachings of Zen Master Hakuin:
A Translation of the Sokkō-roku Kaien-fusetsu by Norman WaddellHTML: Introductory to Lectures on the Records of Old Sokko
Translated by Norman Waddell
Zen Words for the Heart: Hakuin's Commentary on the Heart Sutra. Norman Waddell, 1996
Norman Waddell. A chronological biography of Zen Priest Hakuin: Hakuin Oshō Nempu (Part 1). The Eastern Buddhist, 1994 (New Series) 27/1: 96–155.; (Part 2). The Eastern Buddhist, 1994 (New Series) 27/2: 81–129.
The discourse on the Inexhaustible Lamp of the Zen school / by Zen Master Torei Enji; with commentary by Master Daibi of Unkan [Shaku, Taibi, 1882-?]; translated by Yoko Okuda. "Published in association with the Zen Centre, London" Boston : C.E. Tuttle Co., 1996. 560 p.
Based on the teachings of the great Zen Master Hakuin Zenji, The Discourse on the Inexhaustible Lamp of the Zen School is an essential guide to Rinzai Zen training. It was written by Torei Enji Zenji (1720-1792), Hakuin's dharma successor. In this book, Master Torei begins by providing a concise history of the Rinzai school and lineage. He then details all the important aspects of Zen practice, most notably great faith, great doubt, and great determination. He also provides explanations of koan study and zazen (meditation) as a means of attaining true satori (enlightenment.). This edition includes extensive commentary by Master Daibi, providing both essential background information and clarification of several Buddhist concepts unfamiliar to the general reader. The result is an invaluable record of traditional Zen training.
Torei Enji (1721–1792) received the posthumous imperial title of Butsugo–shinsho Zenji. After having followed Kogetsu Zenzai (1667–1751), Torei became the disciple of Hakuin Ekaku (1686-1769), one of the major figures in the Rinzai revival of the eighteenth century. Many of Torei's works remain unpublished, even in Japan. His scholarly interests and the breadth of his knowledge, including Shinto, was unprecedented.
Eshin Nishimura, Professor of Department of Buddhism, Hanazono University
PRACTICAL PRINCIPLE OF HAKUIN ZEN EXAMINED IN THE TEXT BY HIS DISCIPLE TOUREI-ENJI
http://kr.buddhism.org/zen/koan/eshin_nishimura.htm
The Zen Master Hakuin
Selected Writings
Columbia University Press, New York & London, 1971
Translated by Philip B. Yampolsky
http://www.scribd.com/doc/180550902/Zen-Master-Hakuin-Yampolsky-Clearscan-pdf
遠羅天釜 Orategama
I
『遠羅天釜』巻之上「鍋島接州殿下ノ近侍ニ答ウル書」 (Oradegama, part 1: Letter in reply to Lord Nabeshima, daimyō of Settsu Provine, sent in care of a close retainer)
PDF: Letter in reply to Lord Nabeshima, Governor of Settsu Province, pp. 29-73.
Translated by Philip B. YampolskyII
『遠羅天釜』巻之中「遠方ノ病僧ニ贈リシ書」 (Oradegama, part 2: Letter to a sick monk living far away)
Letter to a Sick Monk living far away, pp. 73-86.III
Letter in Answer to an Old Nun of the Hokke [Nichiren] Sect, pp. 86-106.
Translated by Philip B. Yampolsky
PDF: Zen and the Art of Nourishing Life: Labor, Exhaustion, and the Malady of Meditation
by Juhn Y. Ahn
Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 35/2: 177–229 © 2008 Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture
PDF: Every End Exposed:
The 100 Koans of Master Kido with the Answers of Hakuin-Zen, tr. with a commentary by Yoel Hoffmann;
foreword by Hirano Sojo;
Autumn Press, Brookline, Mass., 1977, 128 p.
A translation of 虚堂和尚語錄 Xutang heshang yulu [Japanese: Kidō oshō goroku / Kidōgoroku] by the Chinese teacher 虚堂智愚 Xutang Zhiyu (1185-1269), Japanese: Kidō Chigu), with comments by the Japanese teacher 白隱慧鶴 Hakuin Ekaku (1686–1769).
[Translation of the final part of Gendai sojizen hyoron]
The Importance of Kensho
http://members.optushome.com.au/davidquinn000/Hakuin%20folder/Hakuin02.html
At present, we are infested in this country with a race of smooth-tongued, worldly-wise Zen teachers who feed their students a ration of utter nonsense. "Why do you suppose Buddha-patriarchs through the ages were so mortally afraid of words and letters?" they ask you. "It is," they answer, "because words and letters are a coast of rocky cliffs washed constantly by vast oceans of poison ready to swallow your wisdom and drown the life from it. Giving students stories and episodes from the Zen past and having them penetrate their meaning is a practice that did not start until after the Zen school had already branched out into the Five Houses, and they were developing into the Seven Schools. Koan study represents a provisional teaching aid which teachers have devised to bring students up to the threshold of the house of Zen so as to enable them to enter the dwelling itself. It has nothing directly to do with the profound meaning of the Buddha-patriarchs' inner chambers."
An incorrigible pack of skinheaded mules has ridden this teaching into a position of dominance in the world of Zen. You cannot distinguish master from disciple, jades from common stones. They gather and sit - rows of sleepy inanimate lumps. They hug themselves, self-satisfied, imagining they are the paragons of the Zen tradition. They belittle the Buddha- patriarchs of the past. While celestial phoenixes linger in the shadows, starving away, this hateful flock of owls and crows rule the roost, sleeping and stuffing their bellies to their hearts' content.
If you don't have the eye of kensho, it is impossible for you to use a single drop of the Buddha's wisdom. These men are heading straight for the realms of hell. That is why I say: if upon becoming a Buddhist monk you do not penetrate the Buddha's truth, you should turn in your black robe, give back all the donations you have received, and revert to being a layman.
Don't you realize that every syllable contained in the Buddhist canon - all five thousand and forty-eight scrolls of scripture - is a rocky cliff jutting into deadly, poison-filled seas? Don't you know that each of the twenty-eight Buddhas and six Buddhist saints is a body of virulent poison? It rises up in monstrous waves that blacken the skies, swallow the radiance of the sun and moon, and extinguishes the light of the stars and planets.
It is there as clear and stark as could be. It is staring you right in the face. But none of you is awake to see it. You are like owls that venture out into the light of day, their eyes wide open, yet they couldn't even see a mountain were it towering in front of them. The mountain doesn't have a grudge against owls that makes it want to hide. The fault is with the owls alone.
You might cover your ears with your hands. You might put a blindfold over your eyes. Try anything you can think of to avoid these poisonous fumes. But you can't escape the clouds sailing in the sky, the streams tumbling down the hillsides. You can't evade the falling autumn leaves scattering spring flowers.
You might wish to enlist the aid of the fleetest winged demon you can find. If you plied him with the best of food and drink and crossed his paw with gold, you might get him to take you on his back for a couple of circumnavigations of the earth. But you would still not find so much as a thimbleful of ground where you could hide.
I am eagerly awaiting the appearance of some dimwit of a monk (or barring that, half such a monk) richly endowed with a natural stock of spiritual power and kindled within by a raging religious fire, who will fling himself unhesitatingly into the midst of this poison and instantly die the Great Death. Rising from that Death, he will arm himself with a calabash of gigantic size and roam the great earth seeking true and genuine monks. Wherever he encounters one, he will spit in his fists, flex his muscles, fill his calabash with deadly poison and fling a dipperful of it over him, drenching him head to foot, so that he too is forced to surrender his life. Ah! what a magnificent sight to behold!
The Zen priests of today are busily imparting a teaching to their students that sounds something like this:
"Don't misdirect your efforts. Don't chase around looking for something apart from your own selves. All you have to do is to concentrate on being thoughtless, on doing nothing whatever. No practice. No realization. Doing nothing, the state of no-mind, is the direct path of sudden realization. No practice, no realization - that is the true principle, things as they really are. The enlightened ones themselves, those who possess every attribute of Buddhahood, have called this supreme, unparalleled, right awakening."
People hear this teaching and try to follow it. Choking off their aspirations. Sweeping their minds clean of delusive thoughts. They dedicate themselves solely to doing nothing and to making their minds complete blanks, blissfully unaware that they are doing and thinking a great deal.
When a person who has not had kensho reads the Buddhist scriptures, questions his teachers and fellow monks about Buddhism, or practices religious disciplines, he is merely creating the causes of his own illusion - a sure sign that he is still confined within samsara. He tries constantly to keep himself detached in thought and deed, and all the while his thoughts and deeds are attached. He endeavors to be doing nothing all day long, and all the while he is busily doing.
But if this same person experiences kensho, everything changes. Although he is constantly thinking and acting, it is totally free and unattached. Although he is engaged in activity around the clock, that activity is, as such, non-activity. This great change is the result of his kensho. It is like water that snakes and cows drink from the same cistern, which becomes deadly venom in one and milk in the other.
Bodhidharma spoke of this in his Essay on the Dharma pulse:
If someone without kensho tries constantly to make his thoughts free and unattached, he commits a great transgression against the Dharma and is a great fool to boot. He winds up in the passive indifference of empty emptiness, no more able to distinguish good from bad than a drunken man. If you want to put the Dharma of non- activity into practice, you must bring an end to all your thought-attachments by breaking through into kensho. Unless you have kensho, you can never expect to achieve a state of non-doing.
A Talk on the Platform Sutra of Hui Neng
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IN THE THIRD section of the Platform Sutra, the one devoted to doubts and questions, the Sixth Patriarch makes the statement: "Considered as a manifestation in form, the Paradise in the West lies one hundred and eight thousand leagues from here, a distance created by the ten evils and eight false practices in ourselves." Shuko of Unsei, a Ming priest of recent times who lived in Hangchou during the Wan-li period (1573-1672), wrote in his commentary on the Amida Sutra:
"The Platform Sutra mistakenly identifies India with the Pure Land of Bliss. India and China are both part of this defiled world in which we live. If India were the Pure Land, what need would there be for people to aspire toward the eastern quarter or yearn toward the west? "Amida's Pure Land of Bliss lies west of here, many millions of Buddha lands distant from this world."
"What we know as the Platform Sutra consists of records compiled by disciples of the Sixth Patriarch. We have no assurance that what they have compiled is free from error. We must be very careful to keep such a work from beginning students. If it falls into the hands of those who lack the capacity to understand it, it will turn them into wild demons of destruction. How deplorable!"
Faugh! Who was this Shuko anyway? Some hidebound Confucian? An apologist for the Lesser Vehicle? Maybe a Buddhist of Pure Land persuasion who cast groundless aspersions on this sacred work because he was blind to the profound truth contained in the Meditation Sutra -- which states that the Pure Land is "not far from here." -- because he was simply not equipped with the eye which would enable him to read sutras? Or maybe he was a cohort of Mara the Destroyer manifesting himself in the guise of a priest, shaven-headed, black-robed, hiding beneath a mask of verbal prajna, bent on destroying with his slander the wondrously subtle, hard-to-encounter words of a true Buddhist saint?
Such ascriptions would seem to fit him all too well. Yet someone took exception to them. "There is no reason to wonder about Master Ko," he said. "Take a good look and you will see that he just lacked the eye of kensho. He didn't have the strength that comes from realizing the Buddha's truth. Not having the karma from previous existence to enable him to reach prajna wisdom if he continued forward and being afraid to retreat because of the terrible samsaric retribution he knew awaited him in the next life, he turned to Pure Land faith. He began to devote himself exclusively to calling Amida's Name, hoping that at his death he would see Amida and his attendant Bodhisattvas arriving to welcome him to birth in the Pure Land and thereby attain the fruit of Buddhahood.
"So when he happened to open the Platform Sutra and read the golden utterances of the Sixth Patriarch expounding the authentic 'direct pointing' of the Zen school, and he realized they were totally at odds with the aspirations he had been cherishing, it dashed all his hopes. Yet this also roused him into putting together the commentary we now see. It was his way of redeeming the worthless notions to which he had grown so attached.
"So he was no Confucian, Taoist, or ally of Mara either. He was just a blind priest with a tolerable facility for the written word. We should not be surprised at him. Beginning from the time of the Sung dynasty, people like him have been as numerous as flax seed."
If what this person says is in fact true, the course of action that Shuko took was extremely ill-advised. We are fortunate that we do have the compassionate instructions of the Sixth Patriarch. Shouldn't we just read them with veneration, believe in them with reverence, and enter into their sacred precincts? What are we to make of a person who would use his minimal literary talent to endeavor to belittle the lofty wisdom and great religious spirit of a man of the Sixth Patriarch's stature? Even granting that to be permissible as long as he is deluding only himself, it is a sad day indeed when he commits his misconceptions to paper and publishes them as a book which can subvert the Zen teaching for untold numbers of future students.
To begin with, Sokei Daishi was a great master with an unsurpassed capacity for transmitting the Dharma. None of the seven hundred pupils who studied with the Fifth Patriarch at Mount Huang-mei could even approach him. His offspring cover the earth now from sea to sea, like the stones on a Go board or the stars in the heavens. A common hedgerow monk like Shuko, whose arbitrary conjecture and wild surmise all comes from fossicking around in piles of old rubbish, does not even belong in the same category as Sokei.
Are you not aware, Shuko, that Master Sokei is a timeless old mirror in which the realms of heaven and hell and the lands of purity and impurity are all reflected equally? Don't you know that they are, as such, the single eye of the Zen monk? A diamond hammer couldn't break it. The finest sword on earth couldn't penetrate it. This is a realm in which there is no coming and going, no birth and death.
The light emitted from the white hair between Amida Buddha's eyebrows, which contains five Sumerus, and his blue lotus eyes, which hold the four great oceans, as well as the trees of seven precious gems and pools of eight virtues that adorn his Pure Land, are all shining brilliantly in our minds right now -- they are manifest with perfect clarity right before our eyes. The black cord hell, aggregate hell, shrieking hell, interminable hell and all the rest, are, as such, the entire body of the venerable Sage of Boundless Life (Amida) in all his golden radiance.
Whether it is called the Shining Land of Lapis Lazuli in the East or the Immaculate Land of Purity in the South, it makes no difference -- originally, it is all a single ocean of perfect, unsurpassed awakening, and, as such, it is also the intrinsic nature in every human being.
Yet even while it is present in them all, the way each one of them views it is never the same, but varies according to the weight of individual karma and the amount of merit and good fortune they enjoy.
Those who suffer the terrible agonies of hell see seething cauldrons and white-hot furnaces. Craving ghosts see raging fires and pools of pus and blood. Fighting demons see a violent battleground of deadly strife. The unenlightened see a defiled world of ignorance and suffering - all thorns and briars, stones and worthless shards - from which they turn in loathing to seek the Land of Purity. Inhabitants of the deva realms see a wonderful land of brilliant lapis lazuli and transparent crystal. Adherents of the two vehicles see a realm of transition on the path to final attainment. Bodhisattvas see a land of true recompense filled with glorious adornments. Buddhas see a land of eternal tranquil light. How about you Zen monks. What do you see?
You must be aware that the jewelled nets of the heavenly realms and the white-hot iron grates in the realms of hell are themselves thousand-layed robes of finest silk; that the exquisite repasts of the Pure Land paradise and the molten bronze served up to hell-dwellers are, as such, banquets replete with a hundred rare tastes. Nowhere in heaven or on earth will you find a second moon. Yet there is no way for those of ordinary or inferior capacity to know it.
Followers of the patriarch-teachers, you monks of superior capacity investigating the hidden depths, until you release your hold from the edge of the precipice to which you hang and perish into life anew, you can never enter this samadhi. But the moment you do, the distinction between Dharma principle and enlightened person disappears, differentiations between mind and environment vanish. This is what the coming of the old Buddha to welcome you to the Pure Land is really about. You are those superior religious seekers the sutra says are destined for "the highest rank of the highest rebirth in the Pure Land."
Master Ko, if you do not gain entrance into the Pure Land in this way, you could pass through millions upon millions of Buddha lands, undergo rebirth eight thousand times over, but it would all be a mere shadow in a dream, no different from the imagined land conjured up in Kantan's* slumbering brain.
* Kantan was a poor scholar who, while travelling to take the official examinations, dreamed that he passed them with flying colors and, after an illustrious government career, attained the post of prime minister, whereupon he woke up, realized that life is an empty dream, and returned home.
The Zen master Sokei stated unequivocally that the ten evils and eight false practices separate us from the Western Paradise. It is a perfectly justified, absolutely authentic teaching. Were the countless Tathagatas in the six directions all to manifest themselves in this world at one time, even they could not change a single syllable of it.
Furthermore, Master Ko, if I said to you, "The Western Paradise is eighteen leagues from here." "The Western Paradise is seven feet from here." "The Western Paradise is eighteen inches over there." these would be perfectly justified, absolutely authentic teachings. How can you lay a hand, or foot, on them! When I make those statements what village do you suppose I am referring to? And if you hesitate or speculate for even a split second, a broken vermilion staff seven feet long stands ready against the wall.
Your resentment at finding the Sixth Patriarch's ideas different to your own led you to take a true teacher totally dedicated to the Buddhist goal of universal salvation and represent him as a dunce who does not even know the difference between the Pure Land and India - do you think that is right?
We can only suppose that some preconception of the Sixth Patriarch which had formed in Shuko's mind led him to think: "It's really a shame that the Sixth Patriarch, with that profound enlightenment of his, was originally a woodcutter from the uncivilized south. Being illiterate, he couldn't read the Buddhist scriptures. He was rude, completely ignorant, in fact, he was no different from those countrymen who tend cows and catch fish or work as menials."
But is it really possible that even such people wouldn't know the difference between the Pure Land and India? Even a tiny child believes in the Pure Land and worships it with a sense of reverence. And we are talking about a great Buddhist teacher -- one of the "difficult-to-meet, hard-to-encounter" sages who rarely appears in this world. The venerable Sokei Daishi was a veritable udumbara flower who blossomed auspiciously in answer to the prophecies of the Buddhist sages.
This genuinely enlightened man, endowed with the ten superhuman powers of Buddhahood, appeared in the world riding upon the vehicle of the universal vow and revealed a secret of religious attainment not preached by any Buddha-patriarch before him. It was like the Dragon god entering the world-encompassing ocean, turning its salt water to fresh and working with perfectly unobstructed freedom to make it fall over all the earth as pure, sweet manna, reviving parched wastelands from the ravages of great drought. It was like a rich man entering an immense treasure house, emerging with many articles rarely seen in the world and distributing them to the cold and hungry, giving them new life by relieving their need and suffering. Such activities have nothing to do with speculation or conjecture. They cannot be approached by ordinary human understanding.
Priests of today who have woven themselves into complicated webs of words and letters, who, after sucking and gnawing on this literary sewage until their mouths suppurate, proceed to spew out a tissue of irresponsible nonsense -- should not even be mentioned in the same breath as the Sixth Patriarch.
Shakyamuni Buddha tells us that the Pure Land lies many millions of Buddha-lands distant from here. The Zen patriarch Eno says the distance is one hundred and eight thousand leagues. Both utterances come from men whose power -- strength derived from great wisdom - is awesomely vast. Their words reverberate like the earth-shaking stomp of the elephant king, resound like the roar of the lion monarch, bursting the brains of any jackal or other scavenger who stops to ponder them or shows so much as the slightest hesitation.
Yet Shuko glibly delivers the judgment that the "Platform Sutra mistakenly regards India as the Pure Land of Bliss." "What we know as the Platform Sutra," he says, "consists of records compiled by disciples of the Sixth Patriarch. We have no assurance that what they have compiled is free from error." Now maybe that sounds like he is trying to be helpful, but what he is really doing is disparaging the Sixth Patriarch.
In the Rokusodankyo Kokan, a commentary on the Platform Sutra, the author writes: "According to gazeteers and geographical works I have consulted, the distance from the west gate of Chang-an to the east gate of Kapilavastu in India is one hundred thousand leagues, so Shuko's criticism of the Platform Sutra for mistaking India for the Pure Land may well have a solid basis in fact."
Now that isn't even good rubbish. But even supposing (alas!) that the author's penchant for poking into old books is justified, I want him to tell me: What gazeteer or geography since the time of the Great Yu ever stated that India is distant from China by ten evils and eight wrong practices? It's a great shame, really. Instead of wasting his time nosing through reference books, why didn't he just read the Platform Sutra with care and respect, and devote himself attentively to investigating Shakyamuni Buddha's true meaning? If he had continued to contemplate it -- both coming and going -- he would suddenly have broken through and grasped that meaning. Then he would have that "solid basis" of his. He would be clapping his hands joyfully, howling with laughter -- he couldn't have helped himself. How about those great roars of laughter? What would they mean?
It is absurd for someone in Master Ko's advanced state of spiritual myopia to be going around delivering wild judgments on the golden utterances of a genuine sage like the Sixth Patriarch. The author of the Rokusodankyo Kokan is another of those like Master Ko who spends his entire life entangled in a jungle of vines down inside a dark cave. They are like a midget in a crowded theatre trying to watch a play. Since he can't see anything, he jumps up and down and applauds when everyone else does. They also remind you of a troup of blind Persians who stumble upon a parchment leaf inscribed with Sanskrit words; they wander off into the middle of nowhere and secretly pool their knowledge trying to decipher the meaning of the text. But as they haven't the faintest idea what it says, they fail to get even a single word right, and they turn themselves into laughing stocks in the bargain.
Actually, such people do not even merit our attention, and yet since I am afraid of the harm they can do misleading even a few sincere seekers, I find it necessary to lay down a few entangling vines of my own like this.
"The greatest care must be taken to keep such a work from beginning students," says Shuko's commentary. "If it does chance to fall into the hands of those who lack the capacity to understand it, it will turn them into wild demons of destruction. How deplorable!"
My answer to the gross irresponsibility of such a statement is: we must take the greatest care not to pass stupid, misinformed judgments on a work like the Platform Sutra. When people with unenlightened views judge such a work on the basis of their own ignorance, they immediately transform themselves into wild demons of destruction. It is that which I find deplorable.
To begin with, Tathagatas appear in the world one after another for the sole purpose of opening up paths to Buddha-wisdom for sentient beings. That has always been their primary aim in manifesting themselves. Although the sutras and commentaries contain a variety of Dharma "gates" -- abrupt and gradual teachings, verbal and pre-verbal teachings, exoteric and esoteric teachings, first and last teachings -- in the end they all come down to one teaching and one teaching alone: the fundamental self-nature inherent in each and every person.
It is no different in Sokei Daishi's case. While the Platform Sutra which contains his teaching has chapters devoted to his religious career, to his answers to questioners doubts, to meditation and wisdom, to repentance, and so on -- they are in the end none other than the one teaching of kensho (seeing into the true self-nature). Wise sages for twenty-eight generations in India and six generations in China, as well as the venerable Zen teachers of the Five Houses and Seven Schools who descended from them, have, every one of them, transmitted this Dharma of kensho as they strove to lead people to awakening in Shakyamuni's place, devoting themselves singlemindedly to achieving the fundamental aim for which all Buddhas appear in the world. None of them ever uttered one word about the Western Paradise, nor preached a single syllable about birth in the Pure Land. When the students who came after them began their study of the Way and took it upon themselves to read the Platform Sutra, none of them was ever reduced to becoming a wild demon. On the contrary, it matured their attainment and enabled them to grow into great Dharma vessels. So please, Master Ko, stop whining about the Platform Sutra.
It is because of misguided men like you that Nankai Soho of the Yuan wrote:
"The Platform Sutra is not mere words. It is the principle of Bodhidharma's 'direct pointing' that has been transmitted from patriarch to patriarch. It is thanks to it that great, venerable masters in the past like Nangaku and Seigen cleared their minds. After them, it cleared the minds of their disciples Baso and Sekito. The spread of the Zen school today throughout the world is also firmly rooted in this same principle of direct pointing. Indeed, is it possible that anyone in the future could clear his mind and see into his own nature without recourse to this same direct pointing?"
These words of Nankai Soho represent the accepted norm in Zen temples and monasteries everywhere. Yet there is Master Ko, ensconced in some remote temple, giving forth with those partisan hunches of his. The one is as different from the other as cloud from mud.
Since some people are naturally perceptive and some are not, and some have great ability while others have little, there is a correspondingly great variety in the teachings which Buddhas impart to them. Buddhas work in the same way that skilled physicians do. A physician does not set out when he examines patients with just one medical prescription already fixed in his mind; since the ailments from which they suffer vary greatly, he must be able to prescribe a wide variety of remedies for them.
Take, for example, the desire for rebirth found among followers of the Pure Land school. Shakyamuni, the Great Physician King who relieves the suffering of sentient beings, in order to save Queen Vaidehi from the misery of a cruel imprisonment, converted her to a firm belief in the Pure Land of her own intrinsic mind- nature by using good and skillful means which he devised for her particular situation. It was a specific remedy prescribed for the occasion and imparted to Queen Vaidehi alone.
Men like Shuko, not having attained the truth of the Buddha's wonderful skillful means, cling mulishly to the deluded notion of a Pure Land and Buddhas which exist separately apart from the mind. They are incapable of truly grasping that there is no such thing as a Buddha with his own Buddha land, that the village right in front of them and the village behind them and everywhere else - it is all Buddha land. There is no such thing as a Buddha body either. South and north, east and west, all is the Buddha body in its entirety. Being incapable of truly grasping such truths, when Shuko heard a genuine Buddhist teaching which said, "you are separated from the Western Paradise by the ten evils and eight false practices in yourself," he was appalled because it did not agree with the conception of the Pure Land which he had erected in his own mind. He hoped that by roundly condemning it he could keep others from hearing or reading about it.
If we let Shuko have his way and keep beginners from reading the Platform Sutra on the grounds that it is unsuitable for them, then the Kegon Sutra, and the Lotus, Nirvana, and other Mahayana sutras in which the Buddha reveals the substance of his enlightenment, are not suitable for them either. I say this because the great master Eno, having penetrated the profoundest subtleties of the Buddha-mind, having broken decisively through the deep ground whence the ocean of Buddhist teaching finds its source, spoke with the same tongue, sang from the same mouth, as all the other Buddhas.
Furthermore. the Kegon Goron states that "aspirants belonging to the first class recognize the Buddha's great power, observe his precepts, and by utilizing the power of the vow working in themselves, gain birth in his Pure Land. That Pure Land is a provisional manifestation, not a real Pure Land. The reason aspirants seek it is because they have not seen into their own true nature and hence do not know that ignorance is in itself the fundamental wisdom of the Tathagatas - and they are thus still subject to the working of causation. The preaching of a scripture such as the Amida Sutra is based upon such a principle."
We may be sure if Shuko had seen this passage, he would have grabbed his brush and dashed off some lines about the Kegon Goron being unfit for beginners. The Kegon Goron is fortunate indeed to have avoided the blind-eyed gaze of the "Great Teacher of the Lotus Pond." It saves us having to listen to warnings about "giving it to people of small capacity," and "turning them into wild demons." Sohaku Daishi dwelling within the stillness of eternal samadhi, should be delighted at this stroke of good fortune.
Seen by the light of the true Dharma eye, all people - the old and the young, the high and the low, priest and laymen, wise and otherwise - are endowed with the wonderful virtue of Buddha wisdom. It is present without any lack in them all. Not one among them -- or even half of one -- is to be cast aside and rejected because he is a beginner.
Nonetheless, since when students first set out on the Way they do not know what is beneficial to their practice and what is not, and they can't distinguish immediate needs from less urgent ones, we refer to them for the time being as beginners. At that point, they read the sacred Buddhist writings and entrust themselves to the guidance of a good teacher and friend. Upon bringing the Great Matter to completion and fully maturing into great Dharma vessels, they will acquire a wonderful ability for expressing their attainment and, using that ability, will strive to impart the great Dharma-gift to others, holding Buddha-wisdom up like a sun to illuminate the eternal darkness, keeping it vital pulse alive through the degenerate age of the latter day. It is these we can call true descendents of the Buddhas, those whose debt of gratitude to their predecessors has been repaid in full.
But if they are compelled to practice the Nembutsu along with all other students of whatever kind and capacity on the grounds that they are beginners, we will have all the redoubtable members of the younger generation -- those Bodhidharma praised as being "native born to the Mahayana in this land," people gifted with outstanding talent, who have it in them to become great Dharma pillars worthy to stand in the future with Tokusan, Rinzai, Baso, and Sekito -- traipsing along after half-dead old duffers, sitting in the shade next to the pond with listless old grannies, dropping their heads and closing their eyes in broad daylight and intoning endless choruses of Nembutsu. If that happens, whose children are we going to find to carry on the vital pulse of Buddha-wisdom? Who will become the cool, refreshing shade trees to provide refuge for those in the latter day? All the true customs and traditions of the Zen school will fall right to earth. The seeds of Buddhahood will wither, die, and disappear forever.
I want these great and stalwart men to choose the right path. If, at a time like this, the golden words in the Tripitaka, all the Mahayana sutras which were compiled in the Pippali cave for beginners to use in after ages, if everything except the three Pure Land sutras is relegated to the back shelves of the bookcase and left there untouched, it will end up as bug-fodder, buried uselessly in the bellies of bookworms, no different from stacks of fake burial money left forgotten in an old shrine deep in the mountains -- of absolutely no use to anyone. How deplorable!
Those people mentioned before whom the Meditation Sutra says are destined for the highest rank of the highest rebirth in the Pure Land, those suited to read the Mahayana sutras, have now bitten the dust as well - they no longer exist. Shuko's commentary, in slanderously rejecting anything counter to his own notions, may be compared to the infamous Ch'in emperor's book-burning pit. The Ch'in emperor's tyrannical policies were totally at odds with the teachings in the Confucian classics and other Confucian writings. Resenting this, he had his Confucians buried alive and all their books consigned to the flames. What Shuko has done represents a catastrophy of similar proportions.
The three Wu emperors undertook openly to suppress Buddhism. Shuko attempted to do the same thing surreptitiously. The former went about it publicly, the latter did it on the sly -- yet the crime is one. But Shuko is not really to blame for his transgressions. He did what he did because he never encountered an authentic master to guide him and was unable to attain the eye that would have enabled him to see through into the secret depths. He did not possess the wonderful spiritual power that comes from kensho.
Yet Shuko is given as "an example for good teachers past, present, and future." People praise him as "foremost among the great priests of the Zen, Teaching, and Precepts schools." Can they be in their right minds!
The Zen forests of today will be found upon inspection to be thickly infested with a race of bonzes just like Shuko. You find them everywhere, fastened with grips of death to the "silent tranquillity" of their "withered-tree" sitting -- and imagining that to be the true practice of the Buddha's Way. They don't take kindly to views which are not in agreement with their own. The Buddha's sutras they regard as they would a mortal enemy and forbid students to read them. They fear them as an evil spirit fears a sacred amulet.
Being foolishly wedded to ordinary perception and experience in the belief that it is Zen, they take offense at anything which differs from their own convictions. They view the records of the Zen masters as they would a deadly adversary and refuse to let students near them. They avoid them like the lame hare avoids the hungry tiger. When we have adherents of the Pure Land shunning and disparaging the sacred writings of the Buddhas, and followers of Zen out to slander them into disrepute, the danger to the Buddhist Way must be said to have reached a critical stage.
Don't get me wrong. I am not urging students to become masters of the classics and histories, to spend all their time exploring ancient writings, or to lose themselves in the pleasures of poetry and letters; I am not telling them to compete in these fields against others and win fame for themselves by proving their superiority. They could attain an eloquence equal to that of the Great Purna, possess knowledge so great they surpassed Shariputra, but if they are lacking in the basic stuff of enlightenment, if they do not have the right eye of kensho, false views bred of arrogance will inevitably find their way deep into their spiritual vitals, blasting the life from the seed of Buddhahood, and turning them into sentient beings destined for permanent residency in hell.
It is not like this with true followers of the Way. They must as an essentiaI first step see their own original nature as clearly as if they are looking at the palm of their hand. When from time to time they take and read through the writings that contain the words and teachings of the Buddha-patriarchs, they will illuminate those ancient teachings with their own minds. They will visit authentic teachers for guidance. They will pledge themselves with firm determination to work their way through the final koans of the patriarchal teachers and, before they die, to produce from their forge a descendent -- one person, or at least half a person -- as a way of repaying their deep debt of thanks to their predecessors. It is such people who are worthy to be called "progeny of the house of Zen."
I respectfully submit to the 'Great Teacher of the Lotus Pond': "If you wish to plant yourself in some hinterland where you are free to finger your lotus-bead rosary, droop your head, drop your eyelids, and intone the Buddha's Name because you want to be born in the Land of Lotus Flowers, that is no business of mine. It is entirely up to you. But when you start gazing elsewhere with that myopic look in your eyes and decide to divert yourself by writing commentaries that pass belittling judgment on a great saint and matchless Dharma-transmitter like the Sixth Patriarch, then I must ask you to take the words you have and shelve them away, far out of sight, where no one will ever lay eyes on them. Why do I say that? I say it because the great Dragon King, who controls the clouds in the heavens and the rains that fall over the earth, cannot be known or fathomed by a mud snail or a clam."
One of the teachers of the past said:
"The 'western quarter' refers to the original mind of sentient beings. 'Passing beyond millions and millions of Buddha-lands to attain rebirth in the Pure Land' signifies sentient beings terminating the ten evil thoughts and abruptly transcending the ten stages of Bodhisattvahood. 'Amida,' signifying immeasurable life, stands for the Buddha-nature in sentient beings. 'Kannon,' 'Seishi,' and Amida's other attendant Bodhisattvas represent the incomprehensible working of the original self-nature. 'Sentient being' is ignorance and the many thoughts, fears, discernments, and discriminations that result from it. 'When life ends' refers to the time when discriminations and emotions cease to arise. 'Cessation of intellection and discrimination' is the purifying of the original mind-ground and indicates the Pure Land in the West.
"It is to the west that sun, moon, and stars all return. In the same way, it is to the one universal mind that all the thoughts, fears, and discriminations of sentient beings return. It is thus one single mind, calm and undisturbed. And because Amida Buddha exists here, when you awaken to your self-nature the 84,000 evil passions transform instantly into 84,000 marvelous virtues. To the incomprehensible working which brings this about we give the names Kannon, Seishi, and so on. The uneasy mind you have while you are in a state of illusion is called the defiled land. When you awaken and your mind is clear and free of defilement, that is called the Pure Land."
Hence the Kechimyaku-ron says that "the Nembutsu practiced by Buddhist saints in the past was not directed toward an external Buddha; their Nembutsu practice was oriented solely toward the internal Buddha in their own minds. . . . If you want to discover Buddha, first you must see into your own true nature. Unless you have seen into your own nature, what good can come from doing Nembutsu or reciting sutras?"
"Buddha" means "one who is awakened." Once you have awakened, your own mind is itself Buddha. By seeking outside yourself for a Buddha invested with form, you are proclaiming yourself a foolish man. It is like a person who wants to catch a fish. He must start by looking in the water, because fish live in the water and are not found apart from it. If a person wants to find Buddha he must look into his own mind, because it is there and nowhere else that Buddha exists.
Question: "In that case, what can I do to become thoroughly awakened to my own mind?'
Answer: What is that which asks such a question? Is it your mind? Is it your original nature? Is it some kind of spirit or demon? Is it inside you? Outside you? Is it somewhere intermediate? Is it blue, yellow, red, or white? This is something you must investigate and clarify for yourself. You must investigate it whether you are standing or sitting, when you are eating your rice or drinking your tea, when you are speaking and when you are silent. You must keep at it with total, singleminded devotion. And never, whatever you do, look in sutras or in commentaries for an answer, or seek it in the words you hear a teacher speak.
When all the effort you can muster has been exhausted, when you have reached a total impasse, and you have become like the cat at the rathole, like the mother hen warming her egg, it will suddenly come to you and you will break free. The phoenix will be through the golden net, the crane will fly clear of the cage.
But even if no breakthrough occurs until your dying day and you spend twenty or thirty years in vain without ever seeing into your true nature, I want your solemn pledge that you will never turn for spiritual support to those tales that you hear the down-and-out old men and washed-out old women peddling everywhere today. If you do, they will stick to your hide, they will cling to your bones, you will never be free of them. And as for your chances with the patriarchs' difficult-to-pass koans, the less said about them the better, because they will then be totally beyond your grasp.
Hence a priest of former times said, "A person who commits himself to the practice of Zen must be equipped with three essentials. A great root of faith. A great ball of doubt. A great tenacity of purpose. Lacking any one of them, he is like a tripod with only two legs."
By "great root of faith" is meant the belief that each and every person has an essential self-nature which he can see into; and the belief in a principle by which this self-nature can be fully penetrated. Even though you attain this belief, you cannot break through and penetrate to total awakening unless fundamental doubts arise as you tackle the difficult-to-pass koans. And even if these doubts crystallize so that you yourself become a great ball of doubt, you will still be unable to break it apart unless you constantly engage those koans with great burning tenacity of purpose.
Thus it has been said that it takes three long kalpas for lazy and inattentive sentient beings to attain nirvana, while for the fearless and stout-hearted, Buddhahood comes in a single instant of thought. What you must do is to concentrate all your effort on bringing your fundamental potential into full play. The practice of Zen is like making a fire by friction. The essential thing as you rub wood against stone is to apply continuous, all-out effort. If you stop when you see the first trace of smoke, you will never get even a flicker of fire, even though you might rub away for three long kalpas.
Only a few hundred yards from here is a beach. Suppose that someone is bothered because he has never experienced the taste of sea water and decides to sample it for himself. He sets out for the beach but before he has gone a hundred paces he stops and comes back; then he starts out again but this time he returns after he has taken only ten steps. He will never know the taste of sea water that way, will he? But if he keeps going straight ahead without turning back, it doesn't even matter if he lives far inland in a landlocked province such as Shinano, Kai, Hida, or Mino, he will still eventually reach the sea. Then, by dipping his finger in the water and tasting it, he will know in an instant what sea water tastes like the world over, because it is of course the same everywhere, in India, China, the great southern sea or the great northern sea.
Those Dharma patricians who explore the secret depths are like this too. They go straight forward, boring into their own minds with unbroken effort, never letting up or retreating. Then the breakthrough suddenly comes, and with that they penetrate their own nature, the natures of others, the nature of sentient beings, the nature of the evil passions and of enlightenment, the nature of the Buddha nature, the god nature, the Bodhisattva nature, the sentient being nature, the non-sentient being nature, the craving ghost nature, the contentious spirit nature, the beast nature - they are all of them seen in a single instant of thought. The great matter of their religious quest is thus completely and utterly resolved. There is nothing left. They are free of birth and death. What a thrilling moment it is!
Tunnelling into the Secret Depths
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WITH GREATEST respect and reverence, I encourage all you superior seekers in the secret depths to devote yourselves to penetrating and clarifying the self as earnestly as you would put out a fire on the top of your head. I urge you to keep boring your way through as assiduously as you would seek a lost article of incalculable worth. I enjoin you to regard the teachings left by the Buddha-patriarchs with the same spirit of hostility you would show toward a person who had murdered both your parents. Anyone who belongs to the school of Zen and does not engage in the doubting and introspection of koan must be considered a deadbeat rascal of the lowest kind, someone who would throw aside his greatest asset. As a teacher of the past said, "At the bottom of great doubt lies great enlightenment ... From a full measure of doubt comes a full measure of enlightenment."
Don't think the commitments and pressing duties of secular life leave you no time to go about forming a ball of doubt. Don't think your mind is so crowded with confused thoughts you are incapable of devoting yourself singlemindedly to Zen practice. Suppose a man was in a busy market place, pushing his way through the dense crowd, and some gold coins dropped out of his pocket into the dirt. Do you think he would just leave them there forget about them and continue on his way because of where he was? Do you think someone would leave the gold pieces behind because he was in a crowded place or because the coins were lying in the dirt? Of course not. He would be down there frantically pushing and shoving with tears in his eyes trying to find them. His mind wouldn't rest until he had recovered them. Yet what are a few pieces of gold when set against that priceless jewel found in the headdresses of kings -- the way of inconceivable being that exists within your own mind? Could a jewel of such worth be attained easily, without effort?
There once was a denizen of the Eastern Sea, Redfin Carp by name. He was endowed with an indomitable spirit and unbending integrity, a figure of immense stature among his fellow fish. He was constantly bemoaning the fate of his comrades. "How many untold millions of my brethren proudly swim the vast ocean deeps. They entrust themselves to its boundless silver waves, glide up and down among the swells, sport in the seaweed and kelp. Yet countless of them are taken by baited hooks and caught in nets. They wind up on a chopping block where they are sliced and cooked to fill the bellies of those in the human world. Their bones are cast away and mingle in the dust and mire. Their heads are thrown to the stray dogs. Some are dried or salted for inland markets, to be exposed in stalls and shopfronts for all to see. Not a single one finishes out his natural span. How sad is the life of a fish!"
With these sad musings there came a great welling of spirit in Redfin Carp's breast. He pledged a solemn vow. "I shall swim beyond the Dragon Gates. I shall brave the perilous bolts of fire and lightning. I shall transcend the estate of ordinary fish and achieve a place among the sacred order of dragons, ridding myself forever of the terrible suffering to which my race is heir, expunging every trace of our shame and humiliation."
Waiting until the third day of the third month, when the peach blossoms are in flower and the river is full, he made his way to the entrance of the Yu Barrier. Then with a flick of his tail, Redfin Carp swam forth.
You men have never laid eyes on the awesome torrent of water that rolls through the Dragon Gates. It falls all the way from the summits of the far-off Kunlun Range with tremendous force. There are wild, thousand-foot waves that rush down through perpendicular gorges towering on either side, carrying away whole hillsides as they go. Angry thunderbolts beat down on all sides with a deafening roar. Moaning whirlwinds whip up poisonous mists. Funnels of noisome vapor spit flashing forks of lightning. Even the mountain spirits are stunned into senselessness; the river spirits are limp with fright. Just a drop of this water will shatter the carapace of a giant tortoise break the bones of a giant whale.
It was into this maelstrom that Redfin Carp, his splendid golden-red scales girded to the full, his steely teeth thrumming like drums, made a direct all-out assault. Ah! Golden Carp! Golden Carp! You might have chosen an ordinary life out in the boundless ocean. It teems with lesser fish. You would not have gone hungry. Then why? What made you embark on this wild and bitter struggle? What was waiting for you up beyond the Barrier?
After being seared by cliff-shattering bolts of lightning, after being battered by heaven-scorching blasts of thunderfire, his scaly armor burned from head to tail, his fins singed through, Redfin Carp suddenly died the Great Death, and rose again as a divine dragon -- a supreme lord of the waters. Now, with the thunder god at his head and the fire god at his rear, flanked right and left by the gods of rain and wind, he moved at will with the clouds clutched in one hand and the mists in the other, bringing new life to the tender shoots withering in long-parched desert lands, keeping the true Dharma safe amid the defilements of the degenerate world.
Had he been content to pass his life like a lame turtle or blind tortoise, feeding on winkles and tiny shrimps, not even all the effort Vasuki, Manasvi and the other Dragon Kings might muster on his behalf could have done him any good. He could never have achieved the great success that he did.
What do I mean by "blind tortoise"? One of the current crop of sightless, irresponsible bungler-priests who regard koan as nonessential and the Zen interview (sanzen) as expedient means on the part of the master. While even such men are not totally devoid of understanding, they are clearly standing outside the gates, whence they peer fecklessly in, mouthing words like,
"The self-nature is naturally pure, the mind-source is deep as an ocean; there is no samsaric existence to be cast aside, there is no nirvana to be sought. It is a sheer and profound stillness, a transparent mass of boundless emptiness. It is here that is found the great treasure inherent in all people. How could anything be lacking?"
Ah, how plausible it sounds! All too plausible. Unfortunately, the words they speak do not possess even a shred of strength in practical application. These people are like snails. The moment anything approaches, they draw in their horns and come to a standstill. They are like lame turtles, pulling in their legs, heads, and tails at the slightest contact and hiding inside their shells. How can any spiritual energy emerge from such an attitude? If they happen to receive a sally from an authentic monk, they react like Master Yang's pet crane, who couldn't even move his neck. There's no difference between them and those fish who lie helpless on the chopping block, dying ten thousand deaths in their one life, their fate - whether they are to be sliced and served up raw or carved into fillets and roasted over hot coals - entirely in the hands of others. And throughout their ordeal they haven't the strength even to cry out. Can people of this kind be true descendents of the great Bodhidharma? They assure you that there is "nothing lacking." But are they happy? Are their minds free of care?
Genuine monks who negotiated the Way in the past flung themselves and everything they had into their masters' white-hot forges without a thought for their own lives or well-being. Once their minds were turned to the Way, they too, like Redfin Carp, gathered all their strength and courage and strove until they broke beyond the Dragon Gates. Thereafter, in whatever situation, under whatever circumstance, they functioned with total self-dependence and perfect, unattached freedom. What intense joy and gratification they must have felt. It is these people you must emulate, not the crane. Not those turtles and snails.
What is a "sacred dragon"? Those authentic patriarchs of the past with a strong and vigorous spirit who committed themselves singlemindedly to the practice of Zen. Ah, you are human beings, aren't you? If you let yourselves be outdone by a fish, you may as well be dead!
You often run up against obstructive demons of yet another type, ones who teach their followers:
"If you want to attain mastery of the Buddha's Way you must, to begin with, empty your mind of birth and death, of arising and subsiding thoughts. Birth and death exists, nirvana exists, heaven and hell exist, because the mind gives rise to them. None of them ever arises unless the mind causes them to. There is thus one and only one thing for you to do: make your minds completely empty."
Falling right into step, the students set out to empty their minds. The trouble is, though they try everything they know, emptying this way, emptying that way, working away at it for months, even years, they find it is like trying to sweep mist away by flailing at it with a pole, or trying to halt a river by blocking it with outstretched arms -- they only cause greater confusion.
Suppose a wealthy man mistakenly hired a master thief of the greatest skill and cunning to guard his house and, after seeing his granaries, treasures, and the rest of his fortune dwindle by the day, had several suspicious servants seized, and ordered the thief to interrogate them around the clock until they confessed. The family would be worried sick, the household on the brink of bankruptcy, yet the fortune would go on shrinking as before. All because of the man's original mistake in employing and placing his trust in a thief.
What you must learn from this is that all attempts to empty the mind are in themselves a sure sign that birth-and-death is in progress.
In the Shurangama Sutra the Buddha says, "You have continued to undergo transmigration in the cycle of birth and death from the beginningless past right on up to your present existence because you have acknowledged a thief as your son and heir and thus have remained unaware of the fundamental and changeless truth of your own true nature."
This passage is explained in a commentary on the Shurangama Sutra :
"The word 'thief' is used to describe the way in which you have been deprived of the virtues and merits of the Dharma's priceless resources. Having been deluded and thus unaware of this situation, you have mistaken this `thief' for something changeless and true, believing it to be your legitimate heir to whom your most valuable possessions can be entrusted. Instead, you have brought on your own downfall, reduced yourself to endless kalpas of wretchedness and poverty, all because you have been separated from the Dharma treasure."
If you really want to empty your mind of birth and death, what you should do is to tackle one of the totally impregnable, hard-to-pass koan. When you suddenly merge with the basic root of life and everything ceases to exist, you will know for the first time the profound meaning contained in Yoka Daishi's words "do not brush illusions away, do not seek the truth of enlightenment."
The Zen master Daie said: "At the present time, the evil one's influence is strong and the Dharma is weak. The great majority of people regard 'reverting to tranquillity and living within it' as the ultimate attainment."
He also said: "A race of sham Zennists has appeared in recent years who regard sitting with dropped eyelids and closed mouths letting illusory thoughts spin through their minds to be the attainment of a marvelous state that surpasses human understanding. They consider it to be the realm of primal Buddhahood 'existing prior to the timeless beginning.' If they do open their mouths and utter so much as a syllable, they will immediately tell you that they have slipped out of that marvelous realm. They believe this to be the most fundamental state it is possible to attain. Satori is a mere side issue -- 'a twig or branch.' Such people are completely mistaken from the time they take their first step along the Way."
These people who ally themselves with the devil are present in great numbers today as well. To them I say, "Never mind for now about what you consider 'non-essentials.' Tell me about your own fundamental matter, the one you are hiding away and treasuring so zealously. What is it like? Is it a solid piece of emptiness that you fix firmly in the ground like a post to fasten mules and horses to? Maybe it is a deep hole of sheer black silence? It is appalling, whatever it is."
It is also a good example of what is called falling into fixed views. It deceives a great many of the foolish and ignorant of the world. It's an ancient dwelling place of evil spirits, an old badger's den, a pitfall that traps people and buries them alive. Although you kept treasuring and defending it till the end of time, it would still be just a fragment from an old coin. It also goes by the name of "dark cave of the eighth Alaya consciousness." The ancients suffered through a great many hardships as they wandered in arduous pursuit of the truth. It was all for the sole purpose of getting themselves free of just such old nests as these.
Once a person is able to achieve true singlemindedness in his practice and smash apart the old nest of Alaya consciousness into which he has settled, the Great Perfect Mirror Wisdom immediately appears, the other three great Wisdoms start to function, and the all-discerning Fivefold Eye opens wide.
If, on the other hand, he allows himself to be seduced by these latter-day devils into hunkering down inside an old nest and making himself at home there, turning it into a private treasure chamber and spending all his time dusting it, polishing it, sweeping and brushing it clean, what can he hope to achieve? Absolutely nothing. Basically, it is a piece of the eighth consciousness, the same eighth consciousness which enters the womb of a donkey and enters the belly of a horse. So I urgently exhort you to do everything you can, strive with all your strength, to strike down into that dark cave and destroy it.
On that day long ago when the World-Honored One attained his great awakening and clothed himself in the precious celestial robe to expound the true heart of the extensive Flower Garland, he preached for three whole weeks to an audience which listened, without comprehending, as though they were deaf and dumb. Therefore, in order to make salvation accessible to people of mediocre and inferior capacities, he erected a temporary resting place for them to use on the way to ultimate attainment, calling this provisional abode a "phantom dwelling." After that, Shakyamuni attempted to destroy this abode by preaching about it from within the Buddhist order; Layman Vimalakirti attempted to do the same by inveighing against it from without. They even likened those who attach to it, the adherents of the Two Vehicles (those content just to listen to the Buddha's teaching and those satisfied to enjoy their own private realization) to "supperating old polecats." But in the end they were between them unable to eradicate that dwelling place at its source in the Alaya consciousness.
Gradually, foster children spawned by adherents of the Two Vehicles multiplied and slowly and imperceptibly spread throughout India and the Western Regions. In time, even China filled with them. There venerable masters like Sekiso, Shinjo, Bukka, and Myoki set their jaws, clenched their teeth and strove valiantly to root them out, but even for them it was like trying to drive off a big wily rat by clapping your hands. He disappears over here, but he reappears over there, always lurking somewhere, furtively disparaging the true, untransmittable style of the patriarchal teachers. How lamentable!
In Japan, during the Jokyu (1219-21), Katei (l235-37), Karyaku (1326-28), and Kembu (1334-5) eras, twenty-four wise Zen sages entrusted their lives to the perilous whale-backed eastern seas, cast themselves bodily into the tiger's den, in order to transmit the difficult-to-believe methods of our authentic traditions. They fervently desired to fix the sun of wisdom permanently in the highest branches of the Divine Mulberry; to hang a previous Dharma lamp that would illuminate forever the dark hamlets of the Dragonfly Provinces. How could any of them have foreseen that their transmission would be slandered and maligned by these quietistic psuedo-Zennists and that in less than three hundred years the Zen they had transmitted would be lying in the dust? Would have no more life in it than last night's ashes? Nothing could be more deplorable than to be witness to the wasting away of the true Dharma in a degenerate age like this.
On the other hand, if a single person of superior capacity commits himself to the authentic pursuit of the Way and through sustained effort under the guidance of a true teacher fills with the power of sheer singlemindedness so that his normal processes of thought, perception consciousness, and emotion cease, so that he comes to resemble an utter fool who has exhausted his stock of words and reason, and everything, including his erstwhile determination to pursue the Way disappears, his very breath itself hangs almost suspended - at that point, what a pity that a Buddhist teacher, one who is supposed to act as his "great and good friend," should be unaware that this is the occasion when the tortoise shell is about to crack, the phoenix about to break free of its egg; should not know that these are all favorable signs seen in those poised on the threshold of enlightenment, should be stirred by grandmotherly kindness to immediately give in to tender effeminate feelings of compassion for the student and begin straight on explaining to him the reason for this and the principle for that, dragging him down into the abode of delusory surmise, pushing him down into the cave of intellectual understanding, and then taking a phoney winter melon seal and certifying his enlightenment with the pronouncement,
"You are like this. I am like this too. Preserve it carefully."
Ah! Ah! It's up to them if they want to preserve it. The trouble is they are still as far from the patriarchal groves as earth is from heaven. What are to all appearances acts of kindness on the part of a teacher helping a student are, in fact, doings which will bring about his doom. For his part, the student nods with satisfaction and, without an inkling of the mortal injury he has incurred, prances and frisks about wagging his tail, sure in the knowledge: "Now I have grasped the secret of Bodhidharma's coming from the West."
How are such students to know they haven't made it past any of the patriarchs' Barriers? That the thorny forests of Zen are much much deeper than they can even conceive? What a terrible shame for people of marvelous gifts, unexcelled capacity, who have it in them to become great beams and pillars of the house of Zen, to succumb to these corrupting winds and to spend the rest of their lives in a half-waking, half-drunk state, no different from the dull and witless type of people who never get around to doubting their way through anything! Is it any wonder that the groves of Zen are so barren of real men? Anyone who attaches to half-truths of this kind believing them to be essential and ultimate will probably not even know that he has fallen into the unfortunate category of "scorched buds and shrivelled seeds."
Long ago, when Zen master Nangaku sat in front of Baso's hermitage and began polishing a tile, he did so because of his desire to make Baso grasp his true meaning. When teachers of the past left phrases behind them, difficult-to-penetrate koan that would strip students' minds of their chronic inclination to attach to things, they did it because they wanted to kick over that comfortable old nesting place in the Alaya consciousness. Hence a master of the past said, "I made the mistake of burrowing into an old jackal hole for over thirty years myself, it's no mystery to me why so many students do the same."
There's no doubt about it, the practice of Zen is a formidable undertaking.
In his later years, Zen master Hoen enjoyed strolling the south corridor of his temple on Mount Goso. One day he saw a visiting monk pass by reading a book. He took it from him and, glancing through it, came to a passage which caught his attention:
"Most Zen students today are able to reach a state of serenity in which their minds and bodies are no longer troubled by afflicting passions, and their attachment to past and future is cut away so that each instant contains all time, but there they stop and abide contently like censers lying useless and forgotten in an ancient cemetery, cold and lifeless, with nothing but the sobbing of dead spirits to break the silence of their world. Assuming this to be the ultimate Zen has to offer them, they remain unaware that what they consider an unsurpassed realm is, in fact, obstructing them so that true knowing and seeing cannot appear and the radiant light of extraordinary spiritual power (jinzu) cannot shine free."
Hoen closed the book and raised his arms in a gesture of self- reproach. "Wonderful!" he exclaimed, "A true teacher! How well he expresses the essentials of the Dharma!"
He hurried to the quarters of his student Engo, who was serving as head monk, calling out to him, "It's extraordinary! I've come upon something really and truly extraordinary!" He placed the book in Engo's hands and had him read it too. Then Dharma father and Dharma son congratulated each other on their good fortune, and acclaimed the author with endless refrains of ecstatic praise.
When Daie Soko went to study under Zen master Engo for the first time, he had already decided on a course of action. "By the end of the ninety-day summer retreat," he declared to himself, "if Engo has affirmed my understanding like all the other teachers I've been to, I'm going to write a treatise debunking Zen."
Daie, did you really think Engo wouldn't be able to see through the fundamental matter you secretly treasured? If you had persisted in clinging to it like that, revering it and cherishing it for the rest of your life, the great "Reviler of Heaven" would never have emerged.
Fortunately, however, a poisonous breeze blowing from the south snuffed Daie's life out at its roots, cutting away past and future. When it happened, his teacher Engo said, "What you've accomplished is not easy. But you've merely finished killing yourself. You're incapable now of coming back to life and raising doubts about the words and phrases of the ancients. You have a serious ailment. You know the saying, 'Release your hold on the edge of the precipice. Die, and then be reborn'? You must believe that there's truth in those words."
Later, upon hearing Engo say, "What happens when the tree falls and the wistaria withers? The same thing happens." Daie suddenly achieved great enlightenment. When Engo tested him with several koans, he passed them easily.
Daie rose to become abbot of the Kinzan monastery, the most important in the land with a thousand resident monks. As he supervised his sterling collection of dragons and elephants he was like a hungry eagle gazing over a covey of rabbits. We should feel honored to have a man of such profound attainment among the teachers of our school. Yet, as we have seen, there are some who consider such attainment unimportant -- "nonessential." The matter they themselves regard as essential, and secretly cherish, is so worthless that even if you put it out together with a million pieces of gold, you would find no takers.
Engo said, "After the ancients had once achieved awakening, they went off and lived in thatched huts or caves, boiling wild vegetable roots in broken-legged pots to sustain themselves. They weren't interested in making names for themselves or in rising to positions of power. Being perfectly free from all ties whatever, they left turning words for their descendents because they wanted to repay their profound debt to the Buddha patriarchs."
The priest Mannan Dogan wrote a verse comment on the koan Nansen On The Mountain:
"Lying on a pillow of coral, eyes filled with tears,
Partly because he likes you, partly because he resents you."
When these lines came to Daie's notice he immediately ordered his attendant to take down the practice-schedules and gave his monks a day of rest, saying, "This single turning word amply requites Mannan's * debt to the Buddhas."
* A monk visited Nansen Fugan who was living by himself in a small hut. Nansen told him he had something to do up the mountain and asked him to carry some food to him when the meal-time came. When the monk didn't appear, Nansen returned and found the cooking vessels smashed and the monk asleep; thereupon he stretched out and took a nap himself. When he awoke, the monk was gone. In later years, Nansen said, "Back when I was living by myself in a small hut I had a visit from a splendid monk. I've never seen him since."
According to Tokiwa, Mannan's verse comment may allude to an encounter he had with a laywoman who was studying with Daie while Mannan was head monk at Daie's temple. Daie allowed the woman to stay in the abbot's quarters, despite Mannan's objections, on the grounds that she was "no ordinary woman." When finally, at Daie's insistence, Mannan went to see her, she asked him if he wished a worldly meeting or a spiritual one. He indicated the latter, but when he entered her room he found her lying on her back, completely naked. "What kind of place is that?" said Mannan, pointing at her. "The place from which all the Buddhas of the Three Worlds, all six Zen patriarchs, and all the venerable priests in the land have emerged," she said. "Would you allow me to enter there?" he asked. "lt isn't a place donkeys and horses can go," she said. Mannan was unable to reply. "The meeting is over," she said, and turned her back to him.
Most people arrange their altars with lamps and incense holders; they set out offerings of tea, flowers and sweets; they prostrate themselves over and over, perform various other practices around the clock; they even inflict burns on their fingers, arms, and bodies. But none of that repays even a tenth of the debt they owe the Buddhas. How, then, is it possible for a single couplet from an old poem that cuts away entanglements and complications to immediately repay that debt -- and repay it in full? This question is by no means an idle or trivial one. Daie was the Dragon Gate of his age, a towering shade tree who provided shelter to over 1700 students. Do you suppose a man of his stature would utter such words frivolously?
In the past, Haryo had his Three Turning Words. His teacher Ummon Daishi * told his disciples, "When I die, I don't want you to hold funeral observances of any kind. I just want each of you to take these three turning words and work on them."
* The Three Turning Words of Haryo Kokan, an heir of Ummon Bun'en (Yun-men Wen-yen, 862-949): 1. What is the Way? A clear-eyed man falls into a well. 2. What is the Blown Hair Sword? Each branch on the coral holds up the moon. 3. A monk asked Haryo, "What is the school of Devadatta?" "Filling a silver bowl with snow," Haryo replied.
Now do you really think that a Zen patriarch like Ummon would be espousing "non-essentials" just because he preferred them over offerings of flowers, sweets and rare foods?
Engo writes:
"If one of my monks came forward and said, `Since there is essentially no moving up toward satori and no moving back toward the everyday world, what's the use of practicing Zen?' I'd just say, 'I can see that you're living in a pitchdark hole with the other dead souls.' How sad!
"Many people like to cite the sayings of the Buddhist sages, or some words from the sutras such as 'ordinary speech, subtle speech, it all comes from the same ultimate source,' persuaded that they really understand their meaning. If any of you are operating under such an assumption, you'd better give up Zen. Devote your life to scholarship and become a great exegete."
"Nowadays you often hear people say, 'There's essentially no such thing as satori. The gate or teaching of satori was established as a way of making this fact known to people.' If that's the way you think, you're like a flea on the body of a lion, sustaining itself by drinking its lifeblood. Don't you know the ancient's words, 'If the source is not deep, the stream is not long; if the wisdom is not real, the discernment is not far-reaching'? If the Buddha Dharma was a teaching that had been created or fabricated as you say, how could it possibly have survived to the present day?"
Chosha Keijin sent a monk to the priest Tojin Nyoe, who belonged to the same lineage as his teacher Nansen. The monk asked him "What was it like after you saw Nansen?"
Nyoe was silent.
"What was it like before you saw Nansen?" he asked.
"There wasn't any difference," said Nyoe.
The monk returned to Chosha and reported Nyoe's response. Chosha set forth his own understanding in a verse:
"Perched motionless at the tip of a 100-foot pole
The man has attainment, but hasn't made it real.
He must advance one more step beyond the tip
And reveal his whole body in the ten directions."
Afterwards, Sansho Enen sent a monk named Shu Joza to ask Chosha some questions.
"When Nansen* passed away, where did he go?" said Shu.
* The story of Nansen's death is a famous koan. When Nansen was about to die, the head monk asked him where he would be a hundred years hence. "A water buffalo at the foot of the hill," he answered. "Do you mind if I follow you?" asked the monk. "If you do," replied Nansen, "you must hold a stalk of grass in your mouth."
"When Sekito was just a young monk, he went to visit the Sixth Patriarch," said Chosha.
"I'm not asking about when Sekito was a young monk," replied Shu. "I want to know where Nansen went when he died." "Give it deep consideration," said Chosha.
"You're like a noble old pine tree towering thousands of feet in the winter sky," said Shu. "You're not like a bamboo shoot springing straight up through the rocks."
Chosha was silent.
"Thank you for your answers," said Shu. Chosha was still silent.
Shu returned to Sansho and told him about his meeting with Chosha.
"If that's the way Chosha is," said Sansho, "he's a good seven steps ahead of Rinzai."
Now both Rinzai and Chosha are beyond question genuine dragons of the Buddha ocean. They are the celestial phoenix and auspicious unicorn that frequent the gardens of the patriarchs. There is no one comparable to them. Having far transcended all forms and appearances, they move slowly or move quickly in response to changing conditions like huge masses of blazing fire, like iron stakes burning at white heat. Neither gods nor demons can perceive their traces; neither devils nor non-Buddhists can discern their activity. Who could conceive their limits? Who could ascertain their differences?
Yet when Sansho, who was himself a direct Dharma heir of Rinzai, heard what Chosha had said, he praised him as being superior to his own teacher! Can words be so awesomely difficult? You must understand, however, that within what is to you a mass of entangling verbal complications is contained a small but wonderful element which is able to work miracles.
When Zen master Sekiso passed away and the brotherhood asked the head monk to succeed him as abbot, Zen master Kyuho, who had previously served as the master's attendant, came and addressed them. He posed a question to the head monk, "The master often told us to 'cease all activity,' to 'do nothing whatever,' to 'become so cold and lifeless the spirits of the dead will come sighing around you,' to 'become a bolt of fine white silk,' to 'become the dead ashes in a censer left forgotten in an ancient graveyard,' to 'become so that the present instant is ten thousand years.'
"What is the meaning of these instructions? If you show that you grasp them, you are the next abbot. If you show that you do not, you aren't the man for the job."
"His words," said the head monk, "refer to the essential oneness of all things."
"You have failed to understand the master's meaning," said Kyuho.
"Get some incense ready," replied the head monk. "If I have terminated my life by the time that incense burns, it will mean I grasped the master's meaning. If I am still living, it will mean I did not."
Kyuho lit a stick of incense. Before it had burned down the head monk had ceased breathing. Kyuho patted the dead man on the back, and said, "Others have died while seated; some have died while standing. But you have just succeeded in proving that you could not have even seen the master's meaning in your dreams."
Often those who approach the end of their lives having devoted themselves singlemindedly to the practice of the Way will regard the solitude of their final hours, sitting in the light of a solitary lamp, as the last great and difficult barrier of their religious quest, and as the smoke from the incense burns down they will move quietly and calmly into death, without having made an authentic Zen utterance of any kind. It is them Kyuho is patting on the back when he says, "You haven't grasped your late master's meaning." We must reflect deeply on those words.
Once Zen master Ungo of Koshu had an attendant take a pair of trousers to a monk who was living by himself in a grass hut. The monk refused the trousers, saying he already had the pair that he was born with. When Ungo was informed of the monk's reply, he sent the attendant back to ask the question, "What did you wear prior to your birth?" The monk was unable to answer. Later, the monk died, and when his body was cremated, relics were found among his ashes. When these were brought to Ungo, he said "I'd much rather have had one phrase from him in response to that question I asked when he was living than ten bushels of relics from a dead man."
It is said that the relics found among the ashes of virtuous priests are produced as a natural result of meditation and wisdom they attained in their previous lives. Whenever a relic is discovered after a cremation even if it is only the size of a millet grain or mustard seed, there is a great rush of people, men and women, young and old, priests and laymen, crowding around to marvel at it and worship it with expressions of deep veneration. But doesn't Ungo say that ten bushels of such relics would not be worth a single phrase uttered while the monk was alive? What is this "one phrase" that it could it be more esteemed than genuine Buddhist relics which everyone venerates so deeply? This is a question that baffled me for a long time.
After the priest Hoan had retired to the Shifuku-in, he received an invitation to come to the monastery at Kinzan from the abbot Moan Genso, who appointed him to the post of senior priest. One of the monks at the monastery, Ho Joza, was a man of penetrating insight. He would always be there when the abbot or senior priest was receiving students and could invariably get the best of an opponent by seizing the slightest opening and turning his thrusts aside with a sudden and swift attack.
One day, as Hoan was teaching students, Ho Joza came into the room. Hoan was speaking and was midway through a passage he was quoting from the Hozo-ron , "amid heaven and earth, in all the universe, there is here . . ." when Ho looked as though he wanted to say something. Hoan suddenly slapped him and drove him out of the room.
Actually, Ho had planned to interject a comment the moment Hoan had finished the quotation, and Hoan had anticipated him. Ho was convinced that Hoan was deliberately out to humiliate him. After Ho left Hoan's room, he returned to his place in the meditation hall and expired. When his body was cremated, villagers from the neighboring areas found some relics among his ashes. They took them and presented them to Hoan. Hoan held them up and said, "Ho Joza. Even if there had been ten bushels of these among your ashes, I'd set them aside. I just want that one turning word while you were alive!" With that, he threw the relics to the ground. They turned out to be merely bits of pus and blood.
An ancient said that "of the seventeen hundred eminent masters included in the Records of the Lamp, relics were found among the ashes of only fourteen. Of the eighty monks who appear in the Biographies from the Groves of Zen, relics were recovered from the ashes of only a few. Moreover, there are just two things our school holds essential: thorough attainment of self-realization and thorough mastery in instructing others. That means being armed with the fangs and claws that spur students onward by dissolving their attachments and breaking off their chains. Buddhists also call this 'transmitting the Dharma, ferrying people to the other shore.' Everything else is unimportant."
The teachers of our Zen school have in their possession moves and maneuvers which are hard to believe, hard to understand, hard to penetrate, and hard to realize. They can take someone whose mind seems dead, devoid of consciousness, and transform him into a bright-eyed monk of awesome vitality. We call these methods the fangs and claws of the Dharma cave. It is like when an old tiger gives a long, terrifying roar and emerges from the forest, throwing such fear into the rabbits, foxes, badgers and their kind that their livers petrify and their eyes fix in glassy stares and they wobble around on rubbery knees, piddling and shitting involuntarily. Why do they react that way? Because the tiger is armed with claws of steel and a shining set of golden fangs like razor-sharp swords. Without those weapons, tigers would be no different from other animals.
Hence these words by a Zen master of the past: "In the first year of the Kien-chung era (1101), I obtained at the quarters of a now-deceased friend a copy of Zen master Tozan Shusho's recorded sayings compiled by his disciple Fukugon Ryoga. It contained words and phrases of great subtlety and profundity - the veritable claws and fangs of the Dharma cave."
What the ancients regarded as lonely and desolate would be considered thriving prosperity by people today, and what people today regard as thriving prosperity would have been considered lonely and desolate by the ancients. How can our school have fallen into such decline?
I haven't been telling you all this in hopes of impressing you with the originality of my ideas. All of the matters I have related here are ones that greatly concerned my teacher Shoju Rojin. He was constantly grieving and lamenting over them when I studied with him thirty years ago. I can never tell people about them without tears streaming down my old cheeks and dampening my robe. Now, recalling how earnestly old Shoju was in entrusting his teaching to me, the way he told me how much he was counting on me, I feel an immediate need to run off and hide my worthlessness somewhere. I am divulging my true sentiments to you like this only because I fervently desire that you will expend every effort to make the true, penetrating wind blow once again through the patriarchal gardens, breathing vigorous and enduring strength into the fundamental principles of our school.
Finally, I ask that you overlook once more an old man's foolish grumblings, and thank you all for listening so patiently and attentively during these long talks. Please take care of yourselves.
In the fifth year of Genbun [1740], during the final third of the first month.
Shoju Rojin: Hakuin's teacher
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When the resolve to seek the Way first began to burn in me, I was drawn by the spirits of the hills and streams among the high peaks of Liyama. Deep in the forests of Narasawa, I came upon a decrepit old teacher in a mountain hermitage. His name was Shoju Rojin. His style was Etan. His Dharma-grandfather was National Master Daien. His Dharma-father was Shido Munan. He was a blind old bonze filled with deadly venom -- true and authentic to the core.
He was always telling students:
"This Zen school of ours began to decline at the end of the Southern Sung. By the time it had reached the Ming the transmission had fallen to earth, all petered out. Now, what remains of its real poison is found in Japan alone. But even here there's not much. It's like scanning the midday sky for stars. As for you, you smelly blind shavepates, you ragtag little lackwits, you haven't stumbled upon it even in your dreams."
Another time, he said: "You're imposters, the whole lot of you. You look like Zen monks, but you don't understand Zen. You remind me of the monks in the teaching schools -- but you haven't mastered the teachings. Some of you resemble precepts monks, yet their precepts are beyond you. There is a resemblance to the Confucians -- but you haven't grasped Confucianism either. What, then, are you really like? I'll tell you. Large rice bags, fitted all out in black robes."
Here is a story he told us:
"There is a Barrier of crucial importance. In front of it sit a row of stern officials, each of whom is there to test the ability of those who wish to negotiate the Barrier. Unless you pass their muster, you don't get through.
"Along comes a man, announcing that he is a wheelright. He sits down, fashions a wheel, shows it to the officials, and they let him pass. Another person walks up, an artist. He produces a brush and paints them a picture. They usher him through the gates. A singing girl is allowed to pass after she sings them a refrain from one of the current songs. She is followed by a priest of one of the Pure Land sects. He intones loud invocations of the Nembutsu - 'Namu-amida-butsu,' 'Namu-amida-butsu.' The gates swing open and he proceeds on his way.
"At this point, another man clothed in black robes appears. He says that he is a Zen monk. One of the guardians of the Barrier remarks that 'Zen is the crowning pinnacle of all the Buddhas'. He then asks: 'What is Zen?'
"All the monk can do is stand there, in a blank daze, looking like a pile of brushwood. The officials take one look at the nervous sweat pouring from under his arms and write him off as a rank imposter. A highly suspicious and totally undesirable character. So he winds up as a poor devil of an outcast, condemned to a wretched existence outside the Barrier. What a pitiful turn of events."
Shoju also told us: "Suppose at some future day you men have temples of your own. You receive an invitation from one of your parishioners, asking you to visit him at his home. When you arrive with your head monk and some of your students, you are ushered into a large room, where you find layers of thick, soft cushions to sit upon. Dishes filled with rare delicacies are arranged before you. You sit there in high spirits, partaking of the food without a single qualm, regarding it as your due. When you finish eating, as you are enjoying yourself amid the loud talk and boisterous laughter, one of the people present addresses you, and brings up a difficult point of Zen -- the kind that furrows the brows of Zen monks. He suggests casually that you explain it. At that moment, what kind of response will you make? Your heart will probably start to thump wildly in your chest. Your body will break out in a muck of sweat. Your distress will cast a black pall over the entire room.
"So inasmuch as you are members of the Zen school, you should concentrate diligently on your training. If you don't, you will be unwittingly sowing the seeds of your own shame and disgrace. There's no telling when you'll find yourself in such a harrowing situation. It's too terrifying to contemplate."
I know a wealthy family in the province of Shinano. They have a large inherited fortune, and the influence they wield rivals that of the provincial daimyo himself. The family is so large that they must ring a dinner bell to call them all together. The great and powerful are frequent visitors. Although they have no family business as such, they have been able to maintain a quiet and comfortable existence.
But recently they started brewing sake. They added male and female servants to the staff. The water mill now grinds away day and night hulling rice. A continuous procession of grain carts thunders heavily in through the gates. Their prosperity has increased tenfold over what it was before. Ten thousand bushels of rice are said to be consumed daily in the brewing of sake.
An old man living nearby and witnessing these events, said: "Those folks are finished. Their prosperity cannot continue much longer. What you now see is really a symptom of serious trouble. When the inner workings decay, the outer aspect always swells like that. They will probably try their hand at selling grain. Or open a shop to sell medicinal herbs. But before long they will have to dispose of them too."
When my teacher Shoju Rojin heard the old man's prediction, he heaved a heavy sigh.
"I know just what he means. Since the Sung period, our patriarchal school has been in constant decline. Zen monks have extended their interests into a variety of different fields. It's just like the family in that story."
As he finished speaking, his eyes were swimming in tears.
I have recorded as I remember them a few brief examples of Old Shoju's instructions. I thought that they would give you an idea of the anger, the scoldings and verbal abuse, the shouts of encouragement, that he used in his daily teaching, as well as of the deep concern and sad regrets he often voiced about the present state of the Zen school.
False Teachers and False Zen
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Zen Master Joso Shogaku of Torin, a Dharma heir of master Oryo, used to tell his students:
"Senior priests Maido and Shinjo, fellow students of mine under master Oryo, were only able to penetrate our late teacher's Zen. They were unable to attain his Way."
Master Daie said: Shogaku said that because for him, attaining the "Way" meant remaining as he was and doing nothing all the time -- keeping thoughts, views, and the like from arising in his mind, instead of seeking beyond that for wondrous enlightenment. He constructed a teaching out of the Dharma gate of kensho, the true sudden enlightenment of Buddha-patriarchs such as Tokusan, Rinzai, Tosan, Sozan, and Ummon. He took what the Ryogon Sutra says about mountains and rivers and the great earth all being manifestations that appear within the inconceivable clarity of the true mind, and rendered it into words devoid of substance -- constructions erected in the head. In fabricating his Zen from profound utterances and wondrous teachings of Zen masters of the past he blackened the good name of these Dharma ancestors -- and he robbed later generations of students of their eyes and ears. Beneath his skin not a drop of blood flowed. ln his eyes there was not a shred of strength. He and men like him infallibly get things turned upside down. Then they forge on, blissfully unaware, into ever-increasing ignorance. How pitiful they are!
ln the Sutra on Perfect Enlightenment we read that "In the latter day of the Dharma, sentient beings who aspire to attain the Buddha Way should not be made to seek enlightenment, for if they do they will just end up amassing large stores of knowledge and deepening their self-made delusions."
ln the same sutra: "In the latter day, even sentient beings who seek out a good teacher encounter those who hold false views and they are thus never able to attain right enlightenment. This is a known pedigree for heresy. It is the fault of the false teachers. It is not the fault of the sentient beings who come to them for help."
Could these statements from a sutra be merely empty words?
It was this same problem that prompted priest Shinjo to declare in an informal talk to his monks:
"These days priests everywhere latch on to phrases such as 'everyday mind is the Way,' and set them up as some sort of Ultimate principle. You hear that 'Heaven is heaven.' 'Earth is earth.' 'Mountains are mountains.' 'Streams are streams.' 'Monks are monks.' 'Laymen are laymen.'
They tell you that long months last thirty days and short ones last twenty-nine. The fact of the matter is, the whole bunch of them are unable to stand on their own legs. They sit about like disembodied spirits. Clinging onto trees. Leaning onto plants and grasses. Blinded by ignorance, unawakened, they plod their blinkered one-track ways.
"Confront one of them and suddenly ask, 'Why does this hand of mine resemble a Buddha's hand?' and he says, 'But that's your hand.'
"Ask him, 'How does my foot resemble a donkey's?' 'That's your foot,' he retorts.
"`Everyone has causes which determine his birth. What are yours, senior priest?' 'I am so and so,' he responds. 'l'm from such and such province.'
"Now what kind of answers are those? They proceed from a mistaken understanding that should never be allowed. These priests distribute the same teaching to everyone. All you have to do is make yourself one-track like them and remain that way through thick and thin. This, they assure you, is attainment of the final state of complete tranquillity. Everything is settled. Everything is understood. Nothing doubting. Nothing seeking. There is no questioning at all. They will not venture a single step beyond this, terrified they might fall and tumble down into a hole. They tread the long pilgrimage of human life as if they were blind from birth, grasping their staff with a clutch of death, refusing to venture forward an inch unless they have it along to prop them up."
Priest Maido told his students: "Go to Mount Lu [where Shogaku's temple was located] and plant yourselves firmly within the realm of non-doing."
But Torin's descendants have now all disappeared. His line is deader than last night's ashes. For that we must feel intense regret.
Zen master Nando Genjo says that, "you must see your own nature (kensho) as clearly as you see the palm of your hand. After kensho, each one of you must diligently continue to cultivate your own native ground."
I want to fully impress all you patricians who probe the secret depths - great men all - with the need to put your innate powers to work for you as vigorously and relentlessly as you can. The moment your kensho is unmistakably clear, throw it aside. Dedicate yourself to boring through the difficult-to-pass koans. Once you are beyond those barriers, you are certain to understand exactly what the Buddha meant when he said in the Nirvana Sutra that a Buddha can see the Buddha-nature with his own eyes as distinctly as he sees a fruit lying in the palm of his hand. Upon penetrating to see the ultimate meaning of the patriarchal teachers, you will be armed for the first time with the fangs and claws of the Dharma Cave. You will sport the divine, life-usurping talisman. You will pass into the realm of the Buddhas, stroll leisurely through the realms where evil demons dwell, pulling out nails and wrenching free chocks and dispersing great clouds of compassion as you go, practicing the great Dharma giving, and immensely benefitting the monks who come to you from the four quarters. But you will be the same worthless old duffer of a monk you were before, doing nothing at all with your time. Your eyes will stare out from your face from the same position as before. Your nose will be where it always was. At this point you will be the genuine article, an authentic descendant of the Buddhas and patriarchs, to whom you will have repaid in full that incalculable debt of gratitude you owe them.
You will be at liberty to spend your days free from the clutch of circumstances. Drinking tea when given it, eating rice when it comes. Doing and non-doing will be firmly in your grasp. Not even the Buddha-patriarchs will be able to touch you. You will now be ready to use millions in gold.
* An unenlightened priest would do harm with such wealth.
If, on the other hand, you follow the trend of the times, when you gain entry into the eighth consciousness's dark cave of unknowing you will begin crowing about what you have achieved. You will go around telling one and all how enlightened you are. You will proceed to accept, under false pretenses, the veneration and charity of others, and become one of those arrogant creatures who declares he has attained realization when he has not.
If that is the course you follow, a horrifying future lies before you. Every grain of rice that you have received as a donation will turn into a red-hot particle of iron or a burning grain of sand. Every drop of water you have received will become a speck of molten bronze or boiling excrement. Each thread of the cloth you have accepted will become part of a flaming wire net or white-hot chain.
Ahh! Hoping to free yourseIves from the press of birth and death you men have your heads shaved. You put on a black robe. But then you make the mistake of falling under the spell of a false teacher. You live out the rest of your life like this as an irresponsible, no-account man of the Way. If you die with your eyes in this unopened state, you are destined for harrowing retribution. You will head straight back to your old home in the three evil paths -- as though you had not suffered enough already! You, who have worn the surplice of a Buddhist priest, will sink to the bottom of a loathsome hellish mire and experience unending agonies. No more horrible fate is conceivable than to fall victim to the delusions these false teachers serve up to you.
Once, at the time of Shakyamuni, a group of seven women was walking through a graveyard. Coming upon a fresh corpse, one of them pointed to it and said: "Here is a man's body. Where has he gone?"
Another answered: "What . . . "
Hearing this, the women all realized the truth that she spoke and were instantly enlightened.
Taishaku, Lord of the Devas, was moved by this to shower a rain of flowers down upon them.
"Tell me," he said to them, "if there is anything that any of you holy ladies desires. I will see to it that you have it as long as you live."
Take a good hard look at this story. If people today are right in paying no attention to it, the realization these ladies attained long ago must have been mistaken. But why would the Lord of the Devas have spoken to them as he did if they had not attained realization?
In response to Taishaku's offer, one of the women said: "All of us have the four basic necessities of life. We have the seven rare treasures as well. There are, however, three things we would like. A tree without roots. A piece of land where there is neither light nor shade. Some corner of a mountain valley where a shout does not echo."
"Anything else, ladies," replied Taishaku, "and I will gladly provide it to you. But the things you ask for ... to tell the truth, I just don't have them to give you."
"If you don't have them," said the women, "how can you possibly expect to help others liberate themselves?"
Taishaku found himself at a loss for words. He decided to confer with the Buddha.
Do you see what that wise young girl says! "If you can't give us such things, how do you expect to save others?" Compare that with the fellows today who quake with fear when they encounter a few touches of poison. How infinitely superior she is -- the difference between a crown and an old shoe is not nearly so great.
You men set out on your religious quest with fire in your blood. You go through great difficulties, suffer untold hardship, as you bore into the secret depths. Isn't it all because you intend at some later date to do great work by bringing the benefits of salvation to your fellow beings? What about you? Don't you think you'd be lacking if you couldn't come up with these three things?
When the Buddha learned why Taishaku had come, he said, "As far as that's concerned, Taishaku, none of the Arhats in my assembly has the slightest clue either. It takes a great Bodhisattva to grasp it."
Why did the Buddha utter these words, instead of quaking and quivering with fear? Or do you think he was unaware of the deadly poison contained in the girl's utterance?
Try to fathom the Buddha's intent here. Don't you suppose he was hoping to make Taishaku realize the true meaning of the young girl's words? To enable him to leap directly beyond the gradual steps of the four attainments and three ranks and arrive at the stage of the great Bodhisattvas?
In the Holes of Lotus Threads
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The following are the words of that great man, Hakuin, on subtle confusions:
Zen master Rinzai said, "When the titans fought the king of gods, on losing the battle he led his eighty-four thousand troops into the holes of the lotus threads, where they hid. Unable to attack them there, the king of gods withdrew."
This is a scriptural story. I used to wonder why a titan with such miraculous powers would particularly seek out a lotus thread hole to hide when defeated in battle, whereas it could freely hide anywhere - in the eye of a moth, in the nostril of a mosquito, in an atom, on the tip of a needle. Even if all eighty-four thousand troops where inside a subatomic particle, it would not seem confined; so why especially single out lotus thread holes?
Furthermore, once the king of gods had won, given the great power and legendary swiftness of the gods, what time was there to find a lotus pond, break a lotus stem, extract the threads, and then hide inside them? And even if the titans managed to hide, the perception of the gods takes in the whole universe like a crystal in the palm of the hand- how could anything be overlooked?
What if, furthermore, it were early spring, before the lotus leaves have surfaced - there would be no place to hide. Out of luck, would the titans have wound up staining the weapons of the gods with their blood?
I really wondered about this for a long time, until I recently had an unexpected insight into the matter while meditating. Unable to bear my joy, I wrote it down to pass on to my students.
On reflection, it seems that what this is all about is a subtle scriptural metaphor that has a great deal of benefit for working on the path. Let me try to expound this.
Suppose you are working on the path. As you sit up quietly, your body and mind pass away into quiescence, all things are empty and still. The profound void is like infinite space.
Suddenly feelings and thoughts start arising in confusion, like clouds and fog enfolding the whole sky, like gigantic waves swallowing huge mountains. Valleys roar, mountains snort, odiferous mist spews hailstones, toxic fog encages lightning and thunder.
This is the time when the titan prevails in battle, manifesting a giant body so enormous it makes the ocean seem shallow, and the sky seem narrow. Shaking the precious throne room, it hollers and cries with rage; grabbing the sun and moon, it goes berserk in frustration. The pedestal of spirit is shaken up by this, the heart is rent in pieces.
At this point, if you suddenly wake up and bring the mind to the saying you have been contemplating, or else turn to what is inherent in yourself, that is like pouring a dipperful of cool water into a pot of boiling water. The ocean of essential nature becomes calm; the mind source becomes open and aware.
This is the time when the king of gods prevails in battle. The four guardian kings take their proper places; all the gods rejoice together. The web of the cosmos has infinite dimensions, each reflecting everything else, with infinite centers and peripheries.
At this time, no trace is left of the eighty-four thousand demon troops; above, below and all around, they cannot be found, even by psychic powers. Now you jump for joy, thinking everything is settled. What you do not realize is that the demons have gone into these subtle thoughts of joy and are hiding there, completely intact.
What are these subtle thoughts? They are subtle streams of consciousness, confusions of thinking that are hard to cut through. So the titan led his followers into the confusions of thinking, as hard to cut through as lotus fibers, and hid there. Once they had hidden in the subtle lotus threads of confusion of thinking, it makes sense that the gods withdrew, unable to attack.
In ancient times, Gyozan asked Isan, "How long have you had no subtle streams of consciousness?" Isan replied, "Seven years." This refers to getting entirely rid of the lotus fibers.
How does one do this? Master teachers have a clever technique that cuts through the subtle roots of birth and death like an enormous sword reaching to the sky, crushing your old nest of deluded feelings like a ten-ton hammer. A seeker asked Joshu, "Does a dog have Buddha-nature?" Joshu said, "No." This story has miraculous effects; students who wish to reach the realm of authentic peace and happiness should be sure to gnaw through this story. Gnaw on it vertically, gnaw on it horizontally, and one day you will gnaw through the root of life, die away, and then come back to life.
All this talk is an embarassment. I urge you not to wait until you've grown old and tears are streaming down your cheeks.
"The Four Ways of Knowing of an Awakened Person"
Hakuin's text translated by
Albert Low (1928-)
Hakuin on Kensho: The Four Ways of Knowing, Shambala, 2006,
pp. 29-39.
THE FOUR WAYS OF KNOWING OF AN AWAKENED PERSON
Someone asked Hakuin, "Are the three bodies and four ways of knowing inherent, or are they brought into being by our coming to awakening? Furthermore, are they realized suddenly, all at once, or, with practice, do they come gradually?"
Hakuin answered by saying that although the three bodies and four ways of knowing are originally inherent and complete in everyone, unless they are brought to light they cannot be realized. After you have become strong through study and practice, and the awakened nature suddenly manifests, you realize the essence of inner reality all at once. When one way of knowing is realized, all are realized. However, although you reach the level of Buddhahood suddenly, and without passing through steps and degrees, if you do not practice gradually, you cannot reach the pure, unobstructed knowing and ultimate great awakening.
THE WAY OF KNOWING OF THE GREAT PERFECT MIRROR
Someone then asked, "What does realization all at once mean?"
Hakuin answered that when the discriminating mind is suddenly shattered and the awakened essence immediately appears, the universe is filled with boundless light. This is called the way of knowing of the Great Perfect Mirror, the pure body of reality (dharmakaya). This is realization all at once. At this time alaya , the eighth level of consciousness, is transmuted.
THE WAY OF KNOWING EQUALITY
That all things in the six fields of sense-- seeing, hearing, discernment, and knowledge-- are your own awakened nature is called knowing equality, the fulfilled body of reward (sambhogakaya).
THE WAY OF KNOWING BY DIFFERENTIATION
Discerning principles by the light of true awareness is the way of knowing by differentiation.
THE WAY OF PERFECTION OF ACTION
Coughing, spitting, moving the arms, activity, stillness, all that is done through harmony with the nature of reality, is called knowing through doing things. This is the sphere of freedom of the transformation body (nirmanakaya).
Even so, you still do not see the way with complete clarity, and your power of shining insight is not yet fully mature. Therefore, if you do not go on with your practice, you will be like a merchant who hoards his capital and doesn't engage in trade. In this way, not only does he never become rich, but eventually he even goes broke through spending just to keep up the appearance of being wealthy.
What do I mean by going on with your practice? It is like a merchant engaged in trade who spends a hundred dollars to make a profit of a thousand. In this way he accumulates vast wealth and treasure, and so becomes free to do as he will with his blessings. Whether rich or poor, money is still money, but without engaging in trade, it is impossible to get rich. Even if your breakthrough to reality is genuine, if your power of shining insight is weak, you cannot break down the barriers of habitual actions. Unless your knowing of differentiation is clear, you cannot benefit sentient beings according to their abilities. Therefore, you must know the essential road of gradual practice.
GREAT FAITH, GREAT DOUBT
Hakuin then asks, rhetorically, "What is Great Perfect Mirror knowing?"
He replies that it means that if you want to see into this great matter, you must first generate great will, great faith, and great determination to see through the originally inherent, awakened nature.
After great will, faith, and determination are aroused, you should then constantly ask, "Who is the host of seeing and hearing?" Walking, standing, sitting, lying down, active or silent, whether in favorable or unfavorable circumstances, throw your mind into the question of what it is that sees everything here and now. What hears?
Question like this, ponder like this-- ultimately, what is it? If you keep on doubting continuously, with a bold spirit and a spirit of shame urging you on, your effort will naturally become unified and solid, turning into a single mass of doubt throughout heaven and earth. The spirit will feel suffocated, the mind distressed, like a bird in a cage, like a rat that has gone into a bamboo tube and cannot escape.
At this time, if you just keep going without falling back, you will feel that you are entering a crystal world; the whole world, inside and outside, mats and ceiling, houses and cars, fields and mountains, grasses and trees, people and animals, utensils and goods, all are as they are but illusions, like dreams, like shadows, like smoke. When you open your eyes clearly with presence of mind and see with certainty, an inconceivable realm appears that seems to exist, yet also seems not to exist in a way. This is called the time when the knowing essence becomes manifest.
THE GATE OF INSPIRATION
If you think this is wonderful and extraordinary and joyfully become infatuated and attached to this, you will, after all, fall into the cave of demons and will never see the real, awakened nature.
At this point, if you do not fondly cling to your state but arouse your spirit to wholehearted effort, from time to time you will experience such things as forgetting you are sitting when you are sitting, forgetting about standing when you are standing, forgetting about your own body, forgetting the world around you.
Then, if you keep going without retreating, the conscious spirit will suddenly shatter and the awakened nature will appear all at once. This is the Great Perfect Mirror knowing.
This is the first stage of inspiration; you can discern the source of eighty thousand doctrines, with their limitless subtle meanings, all at once. As one becomes, all become; as one decays, all decay-- nothing is lacking, no principle is not complete. As a newborn child of Buddha, the new bodhisattva will reveal the sun of wisdom of the awakened nature; but even so, the clouds of his former actions will not have yet been cleared away.
Because one's power in the way is weak and one's perception of reality is not perfectly clear, the Great Perfect Mirror wisdom is associated with the easterly direction and called the Gate of Inspiration. It is like the sun rising in the east-- although the mountains, rivers, and land receive the sun's rays, they are not yet warmed by its light. Although you may have seen the way clearly, if your power of shining through is not strong enough, you may be blocked by inherent and chronic afflictions, and will still not be free and independent in both agreeable and adverse situations. This is like someone who has been looking for an ox and who may one day see through to the real ox, but if he doesn't hold the halter firmly to hold it in check, it will, sooner or later, run away.
Once you have seen the ox, make ox herding your only concern. Without this practice, after awakening, many people who have seen reality miss the boat. Therefore, to reach knowing of equality, do not linger in Great Perfect Knowing. Go on and on, concentrate on practice after awakening.
THE GATE OF PRACTICE
First, with the intimate perception, which you have had into knowing itself, enlighten all worlds with radiant insight.
When you see something, shine through it; when you hear, shine through what you are hearing; shine through the five skandhas (form, feeling, perception, will, consciousness); shine through the six fields of sense perceptions-- in front, behind, left and right, through seven calamities and eight disasters, become one with radiant vision of the whole body. See through all things, internal and external; shine through them. When this work becomes solid, then perception of reality will be perfectly, distinctly clear, just like looking at the palm of your hand.
At this point, while increasing the use of this clear knowing and insight, if you enter awakening, then shine through awakening. If you get into agreeable circumstances, then shine through agreeable circumstances. If you fall into adverse situations, then shine through adverse situations. When greed or desires arise, shine through greed and desire; when hatred or anger arise, shine through hatred and anger; when you act out of ignorance, shine through ignorance. When the three poisons of hatred, greed, and ignorance are no more, and the mind is pure, shine through that pure mind. At all times, in all places, be it desires, senses, gain, loss, right, wrong, visions of Buddha or of dharma, in all things shine through with your whole body.
If you do not fall back, the karma created by former actions will dissolve naturally. You will be liberated in a way that cannot be imagined.
The way you act will conform to how you understand. Host and guest will merge completely. Body and mind will no longer be two, and what you are and the way you appear will not obstruct each other. Getting to the state of true equanimity is called knowing equality as the nature of reality.
This way of knowing is associated with the southerly direction and called the Gate of Practice. It is like when the sun is in the south, its light is full and brings light to all the hidden places in the deep valleys, melting even the most solid ice and drying the ground however wet. Although the bodhisattva has the eye to see reality (kensho), unless you go through this gate of practice, you cannot clear away obstructions brought about by afflictions and actions and therefore cannot attain to the state of liberation and freedom. What a pity that would be, what a loss.
THE GATE OF AWAKENING
After you have reached the nondual realm of equality of reality, it is essential that you then clearly understand the awakened ones' profound principle of differentiation. After this you must master the methods for helping sentient beings. Otherwise, even though you have developed and attained unhindered knowing, you will, nevertheless, remain in the nest of the Hinayana and will be unable to realize total, unobstructed knowing. You will lack freedom to change in any required way to help sentient beings, to awaken yourself and others, and reach the ultimate Great Awakening where awareness and action are completely perfect.
This is why one must arouse an attitude of deep compassion and commitment to help all sentient beings everywhere.
To begin with, you should study day and night the verbal teachings of the Buddha and patriarchs so that you can penetrate the principles of things in their infinite variety. Ascertain and analyze, one by one, the profundities of the five houses and the seven schools of Zen and the wondrous doctrines of the eight teachings given in the five periods of the Buddha's teaching career.
If you have any energy left over, you should clarify the deep principles of the various different philosophies. However, if this and that get to be too much trouble, it will just waste your energy to no avail. If you thoroughly investigate the sayings of the Buddhas and the patriarchs that are difficult to pass through, and clearly arrive at their essential meaning, perfect understanding will shine forth and the principles of all things should naturally be completely clear. This is called the eye to read the sutras.
Now, the verbal teachings of the Buddhas and the patriarchs are extremely deep, and one should not consider that one has mastered them completely after one has gone through them once or twice. When you climb a mountain, the higher you climb, the higher you are; when you go into the ocean, the farther you go, the deeper it is. It is the same in this case. It is also like forging iron to make a sword; it is considered best to put it into the forge over and over, refining it again and again. Though it is always the same forge, unless you put the sword in over and over and refine it a hundred times, it can hardly turn out to be a fine sword.
Penetrating study is also like this; unless you enter the great forge of the Buddha and patriarchs, difficult to pass through, and make repeated efforts at refinement, through suffering and pain, total and independent knowing cannot come forth. Penetrating through the barriers of the Buddha and patriarchs over and over again, responding to beings' potential everywhere with mastery and freedom of technique, is called subtle, observing, discerning knowing.
You do not investigate by means of intellectual considerations. This way of knowing, to save yourself and to liberate others, when completely fulfilled and mastered, is subtle, observing, discerning knowing. This is the state of the perfectly fulfilled body of reward; it is associated with the westerly direction and called the Gate of Awakening. It is like the sun having passed the high noon, gradually sinking toward the west. While the great way of knowing of equality is right in the middle, the faculties of sentient beings cannot be seen and the teaching of differentiation among things cannot be made clear. If you do not stop in the realm of self-enlightenment as inner realization but, instead, cultivate this subtle, observing, discerning knowing, you have done what you can do; having done your task, you can reach the land of rest. This rest is not what the setting sun means; it means that you have accomplished all the ways of knowing, having fulfilled awakening, because awakening self and others, fulfillment of awareness and action, is considered real ultimate awakening.
THE GATE OF NIRVANA
This is the secret gateway to the command of the mind and is the realm of ultimate liberation. This is knowing without any kind of defilement, a virtue that is not created. If you do not realize this way of knowing, you will not be able to do freely what must be done to benefit yourself and others. It is the effortless way.
Because the preceding way of knowing by differentiation is gained through correct practice, it is in the realm of cultivation: realization is gained by practice. It is therefore a way of knowing that is reached through effort. The way of knowing perfect action transcends the bounds of practice, realization, and attainment through study. It is beyond any kind of demonstration or explanation. One could say that knowing by way of differentiation is like the flower of complete awakening; practice is this flower coming into bloom. On the other hand, with knowing and "doing what needs to be done," the flower of full awakening and practice drops away and the fruit ripens. You cannot possibly see this even in a dream unless you have passed through the final stages of transcendence of our school. That is why it is said that at the last word, you finally come to the impenetrable barrier.
The way to point out the direction is not in verbal explanations; if you want to reach this realm, just refine your subtle, discerning knowing through the differentiating and difficult-to-pass-through koans, smelting and forging hundreds of times, over and over. Even if you have passed through some, repeat them over and over, examining meticulously-- what is this little truth beyond all convention in the great matter of transcendence? If you do not regress in your examination of the sayings of the ancients, someday you may come to know this bit of wonder.
Even so, if you do not seek an awakened master and personally enter his forge, you cannot plumb the profound subtleties. The only worry is that real teachers of Zen are extremely few and hard to find. But if someone exerts his energy to the utmost in this, and penetrates through clearly, he attains freedom in all ways, transcends the realms of Buddhas and devils, resolves sticking points, removes bonds, pulls out nails and pegs, and leads people to the realm of purity and ease. This is called the knowing required to accomplish works. It is associated with the northerly direction and is called the Gate of Nirvana. It is like when the sun reaches the northern quarter, when it is midnight and the whole world is dark; reaching the sphere of this knowing is not within understanding or comprehension-- even Buddhas can't see, much less outsiders and devils.
This is the thoroughly peaceful state of pure reality of the Buddhas and patriarchs, the forest of thorns that patch-robed monks sit, lie, and walk twenty-four hours a day. This is called great nirvana, replete with four attributes (self, purity, bliss, and eternity). It is also called knowing the essential nature of the cosmos, in which the four ways of knowing are fully complete. The center means harmonizing the four ways of knowing into a whole, and the essential nature of the cosmos means the king of awakening, master of the teachings, being king of the dharma, free in all ways.
I hope that you Buddhists of great faith will arouse great trust and commitment and develop the great practice for the realization of these four ways of knowing and true awakening. Do not forgo the great matter of countless ages just because of pride in your present view.
Explication of the Four Knowledges of Buddhahood
Translated by Thomas F. Cleary
In: The Original Face: An Anthology of Rinzai Zen, Grove Press, 1978. pp. 129-140.
Cf. In: "Kensho: The Heart of Zen," translated by Thomas Cleary, under the title "The Four Cognitions"
Some ask, "Are the three bodies and four knowledges
inherent, or are they in the sphere of knowledge
attained after awakening? Are they realized all at once
or are they cultivated gradually?"The answer is that although these are fundamentally
complete in everyone, unless brought to light, they
cannot be realized. When the student has accumulated
effort in study and investigation and the enlightened
nature suddenly appears, all at once he realizes the
essence of inner reality; when one is actualized, all are
actualized. But though one reaches the stage of buddha-
hood without passing through steps and stages, if one
doesn't cultivate practice gradually, it is impossible to
fulfill omniscience, independent knowledge and ulti-
mate great enlightenment.What does realization at once mean? When the
discriminating mind is suddenly shattered and the
enlightened essence suddenly appears, the filling of the
universe with its boundless light is called "the great
perfect mirror knowledge, the pure body of reality."
This is the transmuted eighth [storehouse]
consciousness.That all things in the six fields of sense-seeing,
hearing, discernment, and knowledge-are your own
enlightened nature, is called "the knowledge of equal-
ity, the fulfilled body of reward."Discerning the principles of things by the light of
true knowledge is called "the subtle analytic knowl-
edge"; this is the body of reward and also includes the
transformation body.Coughing, spitting, moving the arms, activity, still-
ness, all doings in harmony with the nature of reality is
called "knowledge of accomplishing tasks." This is
called "the sphere of freedom of the transformation
body."However, even so, still your seeing the way is not
yet perfectly clear and your power of shining insight is
not yet fully mature. Therefore, if you don't cultivate
practice, you will be like a merchant who keeps his
capital and doesn't engage in trade; so he not only never
gets rich, but eventually goes broke spending to keep
up the pretense of wealth. What do I call gradual
practice? It is like a merchant devoting himself to trade,
spending a hundred gold pieces to make a thousand in
profit, until he accumulates boundless wealth and
treasure and becomes free to do what he wants with his
blessings . Though there is no difference in the nature of
gold, without this business it's impossible to get rich;
even if your perception of reality is genuine, when your
power of shining insight is weak, you cannot overthrow
the barriers of habitual actions. Unless your knowledge
of differentiation is clear, you cannot benefit sentient
beings in accord with their potentials. Therefore you
must know the essential road of gradual practical
cultivation.What is the great perfect mirror knowledge? It
At this point, if you do not fondly cling to your state
means when the beginning student wants to com-
prehend this great matter, first he must conceive a great
will, great faith, and, with the determination to see
through the originally inherent enlightened nature,
should always question who is the host of seeing and
hearing. Walking, standing, sitting, reclining, active or
silent, whether in favorable or adverse situations,
plunge your spirit into the question of what it is that
sees everything here and now? What is it that hears?
Questioning like this, pondering like this-ultimately
what thing is it? When you keep on doubting continu-
ously, with a bold spirit and a sense of shame surging
on, your effort will naturally become unified and solid,
turning into a single mass of doubt throughout heaven
and earth; the spirit is suffocated, the mind distressed,
like a bird in a cage, like a rat that's gone into a bamboo
tube and can't escape-at that time, if you keep on going
without retreating, it will be like entering a crystal
world; the whole mass, inside and outside, mats and
ceilings, houses and pillars, fields and mountains,
grasses and trees, people and animals, utensils and
goods, all are as they are like illusions, like dreams, like
shadows, like smoke. When you open your eyes clearly
with presence of mind and see with certainty, an
inconceivable realm appears which seems to exist yet
also seems not to exist in a way. This is called the time
when the conscious essence becomes manifest. If you
think this is wonderful and extraordinary and joyfully
become infatuated and attached to this, after all you will
fall into the nests of the two vehicles, outsiders, or
troublesome devils, and can never see the real en-
lightened nature.
but arouse your spirit to wholehearted effort, from time
to time you will experience such things as forgetting
you're sitting when you're sitting, forgetting about
standing when you're standing, forgetting your own
body, forgetting the world around you. Then if you
keep going without retreating, the conscious spirit will
suddenly shatter and the enlightened nature will appear
all at once-this is called "the great perfect mirror
knowledge." This is the meaning of complete perfect
enlightenment at the first stage of inspiration; you can
discern the source of eighty thousand doctrines and
their infinite subtle meanings all at once. As one
becomes, all become; as one decays, all decay-nothing
is lacking, no principle is not complete.Even so, as a newborn child of Buddha, the initiate
bodhisattva reveals the sun of wisdom of the en-
lightened nature; but the clouds of his doings have not
yet been cleared away. Because his power in the way is
slight and his perception of reality is not perfectly clear,
the great perfect mirror knowledge is associated with
the eastern direction and called "the gate of inspira-
tion." It is like the sun appearing in the east; although
the mountains, rivers, and land get some rays, they still
are not yet warmed by the sunlight. Though one day
you see the way clearly, when your power of shining
insight is not great and strong, you are prone to
hindrance by instinctual and habitual afflictions and are
still not free and independent in both favorable and
adverse circumstances. This is like someone looking for
an ox who may one day see through to the real ox, but if
he doesn't hold the halter firmly to keep it in check,
sooner or later it will run away.Therefore, once you see the ox, you make oxherding
methods your main concern; without this cultivation
and practice after enlightenment, many people who
have seen reality miss the boat. Therefore the knowl-
edge of equality of reality does not linger in the great
perfect mirror knowledge; going on and on, you con-
centrate on practice after enlightenment. First, use the
intimate experience of the very essence you have seen
to illumine all worlds with radiant insight. When you
see something, shine through it; when you hear, shine
through what you hear; shine through the five clusters
of your own body, shine through the six fields of sense
experience-in front" and behind, left and right, through
seven upsets and eight downfalls, entering absorption in
radiant vision of the whole body, seeing through all
things internal and external, shining through them,
when this work becomes solid perception of reality is
perfectly distinctly clear, like looking at the palm of
your hand. At this point, using this clear knowledge and
insight more and more, entering afflictions you shine
through afflictions, entering enlightenment you shine
through enlightenment, entering favorable circum-
stances you shine through favorable circumstances,
entering adverse situations you shine through adverse
situations; when greed or desire arises, you shine
through greed and desire, when anger and hatred arise
you shine through anger and hatred , when folly arises
you shine through folly. When the three poisons of
greed, hatred , and folly cease to exist and the mind is
pure, then you shine through that pure mind. At all
times, in all places, be it desires, senses, gain, loss, right,
wrong, views of Buddha or of Dharma, in all things,
shine through with your whole body; if your mind
doesn't regress from this, the nature created by your
actions naturally dissolves, inconceivable liberation is
realized, your actions and understanding correspond,
principle and fact merge completely, body and mind are
not two, essence and appearance do not obstruct each
other-attaining this, managing to attain the realm of
true equanimity, is called " the knowledge of the
equality of the nature of reality. "This does not mean the nondual merging into one
view of equality of signlessness ; what is called knowl-
edge of equality of reality refers to the point of true
equanimous liberation, realized by constant refinement
of one's state. Though the range of the views are equal
in principle, in actual fact they are not yet equal; if you
get involved in objects of old habitual afflictions, your
insight and power in the way will naturally get stuck
and you won't be completely free. Therefore this
refined practice after enlightenment is called "knowl-
edge of equality of real nature" and is associated . with
the southern direction and called" the gate of practice."
It is like when the sun is over the southern direction, its
light full, illumining all hidden places in the deep
valleys, drying up even hard ice and wet ground.
Though a bodhisattva has the eye to see reality, unless
one enters this gate of practice it is impossible to clear
away obstructions caused by actions and afflictions, and
therefore impossible to attain to the state of liberation
and freedom-what a pity that would be, what a loss.Next, the subtle observing analytic knowledge; hav-
ing reached the nondual sphere of equality of true
reality, the essential point is to clearly understand the
profound principles of differentiation of the enlightened
ones and master techniques for helping sentient beings.
Otherwise, even if you have cultivated and attained
unhindered knowledge, you will remain after all in the
nest of the lesser vehicle and be unable to realize
omniscience, unhindered knowledge, freedom to
change in any way necessary to help sentient beings,
enlighten you self and enlighten others, and reach the
ultimate great enlightenment where awareness and
action are completely perfect.For this reason, it is essential to conceive an attitude
of great compassion and commitment, to help all
sentient beings everywhere; in order to penetrate the
principles of things in their infinite variety, first you
should study them day and night through the verbal
teachings of the buddhas and patriarchs. One by one
ascertaining and analyzing the profundities of the five
houses and seven schools of Zen and the wondrous
doctrines of the eight teachings given in the five periods
of Buddha ' s teaching career, if you have any energy left
over, you should clarify the deep principles of the
various different philosophies. However, if this and that
get to be a lot of trouble, it will just waste your faculties
to no advantage; if you thoroughly investigate the
sayings of the buddhas and patriarchs which are
difficult to pass through, and clearly arrive at their
essential import, perfect understanding will shine forth
and the principles of all things should naturally be
completely clear. This is called "the eye to read the
scriptures."Now, the verbal teachings of the buddhas and
patriarchs are extremely profound and should not be
considered exhausted after one has gone through them
once or twice. When you climb in the mountains, the
higher you climb they higher they are; when you go
into the ocean, the farther you go the deeper it is-it's
the same in this case. It's also like forging iron to make
a sword; it is considered best to put it into the forge
over and over, refining it again and again. Though it is
always the same one forge, unless you put the sword in
over and over and refine it a hundred times, it can
hardly turn out to be a fine sword. Penetrating study is
also like this; unless you enter the great forge of the
buddhas and patriarchs, difficult to pass through, and
make repeated efforts at refinement, through suffering
and pain, omniscience · and independent knowledge
cannot come forth. Just penetrating through the barrier
locks of the buddhas and patriarchs over and over
again, responding to beings' potentia Is everywhere with
mastery and freedom of technique, is called subtle
observing analytic knowledge.This is not investigation by means of intellectual
considerations; knowledge to save oneself and knowl-
edge to liberate others, when completely fulfilled and
mastered, is called subtle observing analytic knowledge.
This is the state of the perfectly fulfilled body of
reward; it is associated with the western direction and
called the gate of enlightenment. It is like the sun
having passed high noon, gradually sinking toward the
west. While the great wisdom of equanimity is right in
the middle, the faculties of sentient beings cannot be
seen and the teachings of differentiations among things
cannot be made clear. If you do not stop in the realm of
self-enlightenment as inner realization and cultivate this
subtle observing analytic knowledge, you have done
what you can do; having done your task, you reach the
land of rest. This is not the meaning of the sun setting;
it has the meaning of accomplishment of all the
knowledges, the fulfillment of enlightenment, because
enlightening self and others, fulfillment of awareness
and action, is considered real ultimate enlightenment.Next, the knowledge of accomplishment of works;
this is the secret gateway of mental command, in the
realm of ultimate liberation. This is called "undefiled
knowledge" and also "uncreated virtue." If you don't
realize this knowledge, you won't be capable of great
freedom in doing what is to be done to benefit yourself
and others. So what is called effortless? Because the
preceding subtle observing analytic knowledge is ac-
complished by successful practice and is in the realm of
cultivation, realization, attainment by study, it is call
called knowledge with effort. This knowledge [of active
accomplishment] transcends the bounds of practice,
realization, attainment through study, and is beyond the
reach of indication or explanation. For example, the
subtle observing knowledge is like the flower of com-
plete enlightenment and practice blooming; while this
knowledge of doing what is to be done is like the flower
of complete enlightenment and practice dropping away
and the real fruit forming. This you cannot see even in a
dream unless you have passed through the final pass of
transcendence of our school. That is why it is said that
at the final word you come at last to the unbreakable
barrier.The way to point out the direction is not in verbal
explanations; if you want to reach this realm, just refine
your subtle observing analytic knowledge in the differ-
entiating and difficult to pass through stories, smelting
and forging hundreds and thousand of times over and
over. Even if you have passed through some, repeat
over and over, examining meticulously-what is this
little truth beyond all convention in the great matter of
transcendence? If you don't regress in your examination
of the sayings of the ancients, someday you may come
to know this bit of wonder.Even so, if you don't seek an enlightened teacher
and personally enter his forge, you cannot plumb the
profound subtleties. The only worry is that real teachers
of Zen are extremely few here and hard to find. But if
someone exerts his energy to the utmost in this and
penetrates through clearly, he attains freedom in all
ways, transcends the realms of buddhas and devils, yet
roams freely in the realms of buddhas and devils,
solving sticking points, removing bonds, pulling out
nails and pegs, leading people to the realm of purity and
ease. This is called "the knowledge to accomplish
works"; it is associated with the northern direction and
called "the gate of nirvana." It is like when the sun
reaches the northern quarter, when it is midnight and
the whole world is dark; reaching the sphere of this
knowledge, it is not within understanding or com-
prehension-even buddhas can't see you, much less
outsiders and devils.This is the thoroughly peaceful state of pure reality
of the buddhas and patriarchs, the forest of thorns
which patch-robed monks sit, lie, and walk in twenty-
four hours a day. This is called "great nirvana" replete
with four attributes (self, purity, bliss, eternity), and
also called "the knowledge of the essential nature of the
cosmos," in which the four knowledges are fully
complete. The center has the meaning of totalizing the
four knowledges, and the essential nature of the cosmos
represents the sense of the king of enlightenment,
master of the teachings, being king of the Dharma, free
in all ways.I hope that Buddhists with great faith will conceive
great trust and commitment and cultivate the great
practice for the fulfillment of these four knowledges
and true enlightenment. Don't lose out on the great
matter of myriad eons because of pride in your view of
the moment.
